FSC100 Notes

The Real CSI Sept 12 Lecture 1: History of policing: What is it? ● The term “police” is used by modern states to describe the body enforcing the law and maintaining order Police force: Defined: ● a police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. ● Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. ● Police are there to enforce those laws, for the better of society Modern police forces: ● The first centrally organized police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667. ● City of glasgow police 1880 ● Sûreté in paris 1810 ● Metropolitan police in london 1829 ● Royal irish constabulary 1822 ➢ For the first time, these forces were charged with a preventive role, patrolling the streets, maintaining a public presence, and investigating crime as part of a professional service. ● Sir Robert Peel: - Educated at harrow and oxford - 1809- became member of parliament - One year later; appointed undersecretary for war and colonies - Two years later; accepted difficult position of chief secretary for ireland - 2 term prime minister of britain - Created the metropolitan police act - Created physicians of police constables of the UK - “The police are the public and the public are the police” - The police being the only members of the public who are paid to give full time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence.

Policing in North America Benefits and duties: ● Keeping law and order and maintaining a uniformed police presence ● Railroad security; ● Labor strikes ● Horse thieving ● Rioting - Began as a volunteer - Recognized the need for more permanent authority - Developed into a paid “policemen” position complete with formal training ● The first signs of any Canadian legal traditions can be traced all the way to 1651, when Quebec city adopted a watchman system modeling various cities in france. ● During the same time, Ontario (formerly known as upper canada), fashioned its own legal system after English traditions. Expansions of police forces in North america: - Toronto police - Montreal and boston police - Quebec city Policing in canada: - 1834, the muddy town of “York” was renamed “Toronto” - Following confederation (1867), provincial police forces were established for rural - The north west mounted police was the forerunner of Canada's iconic RCMP. - In Canada, municipalities are responsible for the majority of policing services. - Other policing is provided by provincial and federal agencies. - The police operate in their own jurisdiction - In Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec and Ontario provincial police services serve communities without municipal stand alone police forces and are responsible for policing highways and other areas under the jurisdiction. - In the Atlantic region, prairie region and British Columbia, provincial and some municipal policing is provided by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). - In 2015, there were 176 stand alone municipal police services serving 64% of the population of canada - The RCMP provided municipal and provincial contract policing to 22% of Canada’s population in about 75% of Canada’s geographic land mass. - Royal Canadian Mounted Police (Rcmp) - Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) - 1 first nations police (9 self administered agencies) - 58 independent police services (municipal and regional including 5 university campus police services) OPP:

- Provide rural policing needs for province - Provide urban policing needs where no other municipal/regional police service exists - Provide support for all police agencies was required Standards of policing: - The standards that police services must meet are set out in the police services act and regulations such as the adequacy and effectiveness of police services regulation. - Make recommendations for local policies, procedures and programs - Helps police services coordinate their activities - Encourages community-oriented police services - promote s professional police practices in training ● For Example: - Prevent crime - Enforce our laws - Help victims - Keep public order - Respond to emergencies Municipalities must also; - Provide the police services with the support systems; building and equipment they need so they can carry out their activities. Doctors and Criminals Two contradictory philosophies pertaining to the criminal mind dating back to the 1880’s: 1. Atavism : criminals were born to commit crimes due to biological deviance 2. Positivism : crime was the product of social causes Cesare Lombroso (1839-1909); - Demonstrated by using the skulls of delinquents, specimens of conservative tattoos, photographs of epileptics and inmates, arguing that criminals were born deviant, as evident in the size and shape of their bodies - Visited prisons, hospitals and asylums in mid 1800’s measured and tested heads, arms and legs of inmates and prisoners Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924); - Used charts and maps of crime statistics in france and biographies of criminals to link crime rates with geography - He set out to prove that the behavior of criminals was dependent on their social environment - Worked in military hospital - gaining first hand experience with damaged caused by bullets and bayonets - Offered his observations and research to high profile cases in france - creating area of study known as legal medicine - By the end of 1800’s both … methods were popular and formed the basis for gathering

Pioneers in Forensics: Alphonse Bertillon: - Worked in france as a civil servant - Filling documentation about criminal records - Criminal anthropologist - anthropological technique for identifying prisoners - Created “mugshots” concept - Developed a system to improve identification in 1883. Bertillonage - anthropometry - Took eleven measurements of head and body, including the shape of the ear, mouth and eye, limbs, scars tattoos and personal Edmund Locard: - Lacassagne assistant in Lyon, France - Physician; but interest was with trace evidence (known at the time as “dust”) - Developed a methodology for examining cause of death and any associated physical evidence - Established the exchange principle named after him - When any two objects come into contact there is always a transference of material from each object onto the other Locard’s exchange principle: - EVERY CONTACT LEAVES A TRACE Sept 19 Lecture 1 (cont’d): Locard’s laboratory: - Crime increasing in the city of Lyon France - Locard persuaded the police prefecture to let him use two empty att6ic rooms above the law courts (1910) - Establishment of the first crime laboratory in the world Han Gross (1847-1915) ● Australian professor of criminal law ● Published a handbook titled: handbuch fur ● English translation: handbook for examining magistrates as a system of criminology Criminology: ● The scientific study and evaluation of physical evidence in the commission of crimes ● The science of dealing with the detection of crime and the apprehension of criminals Detailed the need for legal investigators,, lawyers and jurists to understand the scientific study of crime - Criminalistics - This term was coined by Hans Gross - “Science in service of the law” began to circulate - european courts by 1898

- Note: the term criminalistics and its concepts were eventually transformed into what we know as forensic science (occurred during the 1970’s) Sept 19 Lecture 2: Definition of “Crime”: ● The word crime is defined as an act punishable by law - A law that has been broken ● Latin “crimen”, meaning offense or charge Crime Scene: ● Defined as any place where an act has taken place that is contrary to the law - The location of it Definition of “Manage”: ● “To take charge or care of” ● “To handle, direct, govern, or control in action or in use” - Responsibility: law enforcement, investigators - Everyone has a responsibility to it Crime Scene Management: Are all “scenes” crime scenes? - Processing a crime scene is most destructive - Documenting as your going through the process ● Chief Coroner for the Province of Ontario - Assisting the coroner in whether there was foul play to the dead body ● Office of the Fire Marshal - Criminally motivated - E.g. argument with a neighbor and they say the want to light your house on fire ● Ministry of Labour - Assistance in establishing if there is any criminal or civil liability involved ● Special Investigations Unit - Watchdog - Criminal investigators and forensic investigators - Death in custody of a suspect - Indirect contact with the police - Ensure the integrity of the police agency within the province - What actions caused the death because they were in the back of the police car Why do we need to manage crime scenes?