Lab 1 rev. 11.2022 6.docx

LAB 1: Introduction to Clinical Anatomy How to do well in lab: ❖ Participate in all lab activities ❖ Complete all homework assignments and submit on I-college in a timely fashion (ppts may take several minutes to load. Waiting until 1-minute before your homework is due to try to load on I-college WILL NOT WORK). Therefore, do not procrastinate as HW is ONLY accepted via I-college. ❖ Come to open lab hours (posted on I-college) ❖ Study outside of class ❖ Use your homework assignments to help you study ❖ Apply your knowledge – go to the gym, perform these movements, feel where you are working ❖ Ask questions, come to your instructor’s office hours Remember: Your instructor is just the calculator. Your grade is earned, not given, therefore, there is no extra credit. Lab 1 Submission: Submission guidelines: Please utilize the Dropbox feature on I-College to submit this assignment Scanned PDF file(s)- (library has scanners) all pages ONE PDF file. Step 1: Complete pages 2-5 (HW Part A) Step 2: Complete “The Scene” Forensic assignment (HW Part B) Step 3: Follow the instructions given with your 4 skeletons with the required information on each. Step 4: Combine Part A and Part B into ONE file and load into the appropriate dropbox on I-college. 1 | P a g e

Homework Part A: Please type on this form (-20 pts if not) and answer in your own words ( Please refrain from plagiarizing the article and/or working with a fellow student as Turnitin will be used to verify individuality as this will result in an automatic zero). Similarity Scores (Turnitin) must be no higher than 30% in order to submit your paper. Two ways to do this: (1) make sure you did not plagiarize and reword if you did, and/or (2) add more to your answers making sure you fully explained your answers. NOTE: HW is important. Be detailed and thorough. When students take the time to truly understand the study, it shows. When students do not take the time, it also shows. Regardless, everyone gets the grade they earned. 1. Identify and describe the functions of the skeletal system. 1. Support: gives shape to the body and allows us to stand 2. Protection: by is being protected by the cranium; spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column 3. Movement: all externally visible movements are made possible by muscles pulling on bones. 4. Storage of minerals: Ca, P, Mg, and more are stored in bones. 5. Blood formation: blood cells are formed in the red marrow within certain bones 2. Distinguish between long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones and provide an example of each. Long bones: A shaft that is called diaphysis, 2 expanded ends called epiphyses. Each epiphysis consists of a thin outer shell of compact bone and an expensive inner core of cancellous bone. Ex: long bones are found in your clavicle, femur, tibia, tibia, etc. There are many long bones. Short bones: consists of a substantial inner core of cancellous bone, a thin shell of compact bone, and an exterior layer of periosteum. Equal in length, width, and thickness Ex: Wrist and ankle bones are short bones. 2 | P a g e

Flat bone: Flat bones are just flat and short. Flat bones are thin but are often curved. Ex: Your scapula is a flat bone Irregular bones: irregular bones have a highly irregular shape but are the same construction as a flat and short bone Ex: your sacrum is an irregular bone. 3. Draw and identify the parts of a typical long bone. 3 | P a g e

4. Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone and compare it with that of spongy bone. Also explain why we need both compact and spongy bone. What are other names for spongy and compact bone? Compact bone is made up of osteons, while spongy bone is composed of trabeculae, which are less dense. Every bone has two layers: spongy bone on the inside and compact bone tissue on the outside. The compact bone is the main structural element that allows the body to move, defend itself, and provide support. The structural stability and support that pliable bone offers the bones allows them to perform more demanding activities. The Trabecular bone is another term for a spongy bone, and the Cortical bone is another word for a compact bone. 5. Explain the process by which bones are formed and how they growth in length and width. The process of endochondral ossification transforms hyaline cartilage into bone. Long bones lengthen when chondrocytes divide to produce hyaline cartilage. Osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone. The process by which bone tissue is added to the surface of bones to increase their diameter is known as apogeal growth. 6. Compare and list the main differences between male and female skeletons. The main difference between the male and female skeleton is that the male's pelvis is wider and has a higher bone density. 7. List differences between the bones of individuals at different ages (infancy, prepubescent, young adult, middle aged, older adult). Include changes that occur. a. Infancy: Because of their small size, they have strong tissue that is softer than bone. Some cartilage hardens and becomes bone as people age, while other bones join. b. Prepubescent: The bones are starting to grow and become more developed, the peep of young adult c. Young adult (20’s): The osteons in younger adults are smaller and larger. d. Middle aged (35-55): Bones become more brittle and may break more easily 4 | P a g e

e. Older adult (55+): the bones become weaker and weaker and less able to move around as much 8. Describe and explain disorders of the skeletal system (Osteoarthritis, Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, Scurvy) Osteoarthritis occurs as a result of the weakening of flexible bone tissue. When bone reabsorption outpaces bone growth, it's called osteoporosis. Osteomalacia is the weakening of bones because of net calcium loss from the bones, which causes weight-bearing bones to bend, and it does not have enough vitamin D. A severe vitamin C shortage causes scurvy, which is defined by reduced bone density Essential Questions: 1. Match the functional classification of joints to the appropriate type of joint. D- Multiaxial joint; highly mobile, less stable A. Condyloid C- Gliding joint restrained by surrounding ligaments B. Saddle A- Biaxial joint between a convex and concave surface C. Plane E- Uniaxial joint allowing rotation about an axis D. Ball and socket F- Uniaxial joint allowing flexion/extension E. Pivot 5 | P a g e

B- Biaxial joint allowing for opposable thumbs F. Hinge 6 | P a g e

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