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Medicine
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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4
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NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE
NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE
Using Precision Medicine to Target Breast Cancer and the Cell Cycle
Know Your Enemy, Know Yourself:
d{"
If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not
fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but
Kelsie M. Bernot, Telah A. Wingate, & Kiara D. Whitaker
not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also su
ff
er a
Department of Biology
defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC
succumb in every battle. —Sun Tzu,
Th
e Art of War
Introduction
Learning Objectives
After completing this case study, you should be able to:
•
Read and interpret breast cancer pathology results.
•
Draw the phases of mitosis.
•
Connect cell signaling to cell cycle regulation, and explain how dysregulation of those events can lead to cancer.
•
Discuss how physicians use precision medicine to obtain genetic information about the individual’s tumor tissue
to target treatment speci
fi
c to that individual’s cancer.
•
Discuss how physicians use precision medicine to obtain genetic information about the individual’s somatic,
non-cancerous cells to make decisions about treatment.
•
De
fi
ne
incidence
and
mortality
.
•
Compare how health disparities impact patients’ and physicians’ abilities to know the enemy and know
themselves in the United States and the world.
•
Discuss the impact of ethnicity, age, geographic location and healthcare infrastructure on health disparities.
YOU ARE WELCOME TO ACCESS THESE, BUT THE MATERIAL IS PART OF THIS WEEK
Please
prepare
for our class meeting by watching the following videos and taking notes on the phases of mitosis.
Video 1:
Hasudungan, A. 2013. Cell cycle (mitosis). Running time: 9:52 min. <https://youtu.be/DePnK9TwU6w>.
Video 2:
BiologySpotTutors. 2012. Cell cycle checkpoints. Running time: 3:44 min. <https://youtu.be/
eljbYQihxXw>. After watching these two videos you should be able to:
•
Describe the cell cycle and what happens at each phase: G
0
, G
1
, S, G
2
, M, and cytokinesis.
•
Describe the three cell cycle checkpoints, what is being detected at each checkpoint, and what happens to the
cell if it does not meet the requirements of the checkpoint.
Next, watch the following:
Video 3:
Bozeman Science. 2014. Phases of mitosis. Running time: 10:41 min. <https://youtu.be/mXVoTj06zwg>.
You should now also be able to:
•
List the phases of mitosis in the order in which they occur and describe what happens in each phase.
Case copyright held by the
National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science
, University at Bu
ff
alo, State University of New York.
Originally published October
15
,
2018
. Please see our
usage guidelines
, which outline our policy concerning permissible reproduction of this
work. Photo © Richard FIsher,
cc
by
2
.
0
, <https://www.
fl
ickr.com/photos/richard
fi
sher/3415115671>.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE
Part I – Uh-oh
Kelly and her husband Jack were fooling around in bed one evening, when Jack felt a lump on Kelly’s breast. “What’s
this?” he asked.
Kelly replied, “Oh, I don’t know, it’s probably a cyst or something to do with my menstrual cycle.”
At 33 years of age, Kelly wasn’t concerned about the lump and was certain it would go away; however, her gynocolo-
gist wasn’t so sure. After a mammogram showed a suspicious mass, the radiologist ordered a
biopsy
, telling Kelly “It’s
possible that this is a
benign
tumor; however we need to make certain that it is not
malignant
.” During the next two
days while Kelly was waiting to hear the results of the biopsy, she felt anxious. She periodically felt adrenaline coursing
through her body as she
fi
nally considered the possibility that she might have
cancer
.
Questions
1.
Explain the relationship between the following words:
benign, malignant, biopsy,
and
cancer.
If you have studied epinephrine (adrenalin) signaling previously
(and you most certainly have)
, consider why Kelly felt the
effects of the hormone, adrenaline. What signals was this molecule sending to various parts of her body? (You may need to
consult a reliable online source to fully understand the concept of how the hormone adrenalin acts on different tissues in the
body.)
“Know Your Enemy, Know Yourself” by Bernot, Wingate, & Whitaker
Page
2
uncontrolled
rate
of
cell
proliferation
that
leads
to
benign
doesn't
spread
into
other
tissues
non
cancerous
destruction
of
neighboring
mass
of
cells
w
no
functional purpose
tissue
malignant
cancerous
can
spread
to
other
parts
of
the body
uncontrolled
division
of
cellsinvading
other
tissues
biopsy
a
tissue
removed
to
be
analyzed
to
see
if
the
cells
are
cancerous
Kelly
was
worried
that
she had
a
malignant
tumor so
adrenaline
can cause
her
heart
rate
to
increase
eyes
to
dilate
etc
increase
temp
inc
respiration
Of
blood
sugar
level
I
glucose
available
to
in
cellular
respirator
glucose
is
stored
as
glycogen
so
you
breakdown
glycogen
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