lab manual_appendicular_skeleton_atlas (1).pdf

2 PRE-LAB EXERCISES When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the appendicular skeleton, which is formed from the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower limbs. In addition to learning about all the bones of the appendicular skeleton, it is also important to identify some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes, including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms. Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms: Canal : Condyle : Facet : Fissure : Foramen : Fossa : Margin : Process : Proximal : Trochanter : Tubercle : Tuberosity : Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where they are located. Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the appendicular skeleton. As you explore these bones in Visible Body’s app, also locate the bones and bone markings on any available charts, models, or specimens. You may also find it helpful to palpate bones on yourself or make drawings of the bones with the bone markings labeled. The drawings don’t have to be perfect; just make sure the different bone markings are in the correct locations, relative to each other. If you have trouble finding a bone or bone marking, you can always type its name into the search bar to get a list of 3D anatomical views where that bone or bone marking is highlighted for you. To access disarticulated bones with color-coded bone markings, select a bone, and then, in the content box, choose the landmark icon, which shows a bone with pink, yellow, and blue ends.

3 IN-LAB EXERCISES Open Visible Body Suite. Search for and select each of the Skeletal System Views noted in the exercises below . You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms . A. Pectoral Girdle Open the Skeletal System View “Shoulder Girdle” to identify the clavicles and scapulae . The clavicles and scapulae make up the pectoral girdle and are responsible for attaching the upper limbs to the skeleton as well as providing attachment points for the shoulder muscles. Open the Skeletal System View “Axillary Region” to observe how muscles attach to the clavicles and scapulae . You can select the systems icons on the left side of the screen to hide blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. The shoulder has the largest range of motion of any joint in the body, and the many muscles that attach here stabilize the pectoral girdle to allow for that movement. After identifying the bones and how they function in muscle stabilization, find their bone markings and answer the questions. Clavicle Humerus Scapula

4 Supraspinatus muscle Infraspinatus muscle Deltoid muscle (posterior head) Clavicle Deltoid muscle (anterior head) Scapula Deltoid muscle (middle head)

5 1. Scapula Inferior angle Lateral border Neck Glenoid cavity Coracoid process Subscapular fossa Medial border Superior angle Suprascapular notch Supraspinous fossa Superior angle Medial border Acromion Neck Infraspinous fossa Lateral border Inferior angle Scapular spine

6 a. Identify the following bone markings: i. Glenoid cavity ii. Spine iii. Acromion iv. Coracoid process v. Infraspinous fossa vi. Supraspinous fossa vii. Subscapular fossa viii. Inferior angle ix. Superior angle x. Lateral border xi. Medial border xii. Neck xiii. Acromial angle b. Describe how to determine a right scapula from a left scapula.

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