Vo - Psych 317 Final Lab Report

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Virginia Commonwealth University *

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317

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Medicine

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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Uploaded by Mishi_vo

Vo 1 Running head: MUSIC MEDICINE ON STRESS FACTORS The Effect of Music Medicine on Stress Factors Michelle Vo V00888715 Virginia Commonwealth University

Vo 2 MUSIC MEDICINE ON STRESS FACTORS Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between music medicine and heart rate and stress levels, and it was hypothesized that those who use music medicine as a stress reset, compared to those who do not use music medicine as a stress reset, would express slower heart rates and lower stress levels. Undergraduate students completed a short stress state questionnaire (SSSQ) measuring the relationship between their heart rates and their stress levels. After analyzing the questionnaire data, there were significant differences between those who used music medicine and those who did not. Comparing these findings to previous research, perhaps future research could use more accurate forms of gather data in order to limit the amount of human error with self-reported heart rates. (124)

Vo 3 MUSIC MEDICINE ON STRESS FACTORS The Effect of Music Medicine on Stress Factors Since as long as people can remember, music has had an essential part in human life for many different reasons. Music is a universal language for all over the world, and everyone will understand you through your music. Music initially intrigued philosophers and writers who tried to understand its positive effects on the human body and emotions. Every person has their own styles and genres of music that they listen to frequently, which can affect a person’s emotions and feelings for the day. However, there has been research and studies that make some connections between music and reducing stressors and the individuals heart rate. Music can also have a therapeutic effect with music therapy where a music therapist will discover and optimize music for their patients in order to increase positive emotions. Therefore, as a person listens to relaxing music while experiencing stress factors, it can be possible that the music can reduce the feelings of stress the individual is feeling. The current literature supports the argument of an association between music medicine and the individuals heart rate and stressors reducing. For the experiment conducted by Knight (2001), the effect of relaxing music on the participants’ subjective and physiological response to stress was explored and tested with close attention to methodological factors and variables that could affect the results of this study. The participants of this study were undergraduate students (43 female and 44 male) who were exposed to a cognitive stressor task that involved preparation for an oral presentation with the presence of music in the background. The source of music that was used for this experiment was Pachelbel’s Canon in D major, while the control group was in silence during their preparation. The variables that were measured where the subjective anxiety, heart rate, blood pressure, cortisol, and salivary IgA, which were collected both during rest and after the presentation of the induced stressor. The stressor of the presentation caused significant increases in the subjective

Vo 4 MUSIC MEDICINE ON STRESS FACTORS anxiety, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure in both the male and female control groups. The results of this experiment concluded that the presence of relaxing music was able to reduce, or even prevent, all of the previously mentioned stress-induced variables measured. This effect was also independent of the gender of the participants. The results of this experiment were able to provide experimental support in claiming that relaxing music is an effective method of reducing the amount of anxiety in a person during a stressful work factor. The experiment conducted by Witte (2020) tested the effects of music therapy for stress reductions. Music therapy is increasingly being practiced more often as an intervention for stress reduction for both the medical and psychiatric field. Music therapy is typically tailored towards the individual patient in order to create a music intervention for the stressors in the patient’s life. There has been some empirical evidence that shows that music activities in a group can result in better synchronization among the group members, which can further lead to positive feelings of togetherness and bonding. Some of the physiological and psychological stress-related arousals that are being tested in this experiment include state anxiety, nervousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and hormone levels. The results of this experiment concluded that the presence of music therapy on stress-related outcomes was a medium-to-strong effect. This indicates that the participants that received music therapy benefited more than the control group. The conclusion of this experiment is that music therapy is an effective treatment for reducing stress-related symptoms in both mental healthcare and the medical setting. This experiment conducted by Chafin (2004) tested whether or not music interventions were able to reduce the magnitude of cardiovascular responses to stress. There were 75 participants used in this experiment where they had to perform a challenging three-minute mental arithmetic task and then randomly assigned to sit in silence for the control group or listen

Vo 5 MUSIC MEDICINE ON STRESS FACTORS to one of three genres of music chosen: classical, jazz or pop. The 75 participants were undergraduate students from the University of California that included 52 females and 23 males with the average age being 20 years old. None of the participants reported being poor in health or taking any medication that could affect cardiovascular measurements in the experiment. The participants systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate were collected using a blood pressure monitor throughout as the experiment was conducted. The classical selections that were used during this experiment included Pachelbel’s ‘Canon’ and Vivaldi’s ‘The Four Seasons: Spring, Movement I’. The jazz selections that were used during this experiment included ‘Flamenco Sketches’ by Miles Davis. The pop selections used during this experiment were collected from the “top 40 ‘popular’ music at the time and a questionnaire was distributed to 30 students in an undergraduate psychology course. The songs that were chosen from the questionnaire responses included ‘Angel'' by Sarah McLachlan and ‘Crash into Me’ by Dave Matthews. All of the music selections from each category were arranged on high-fidelity cassette tapes and were played on a stereo cassette recorder at a low-medium volume. The results of this experiment concluded that for the participants' systolic blood pressure, there was a significant effect of music condition on recovery, with classical music having the participants' systolic blood pressure return the closest to the participants baseline than the control condition. However, for this experiment, they concluded that there was not a significant difference in heart rate between conditions. After reviewing the previous journals about music medicine and its effect on a person’s heart rate, it can be predicted that music medicine has a positive association in relation to the reduction of a person’s heart rate if exposed to stress factors. According to all of the referenced literature, the experiments that they conducted all had a reduced heart rate when the testing group

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