C799 #2 Task - Copy

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Western Governors University *

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C802

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Medicine

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Apr 3, 2024

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Healthcare Ecosystems – C799 Task #2
Evolution of Medicine In 1931 Ernst Ruska and May Knoll of the University of Berlin created the electron microscope (Oachs & Watters, 2020). The creation of the electron microscope greatly impacts the field of medicine to this day. It significantly influences the way researchers and medical professionals understand and study biological structures. The optical microscope was the first type of microscope, but it had limitations that would prevent the end-user from observing smaller biological structures. EM uses concentrated beams of electrons and dyes to illuminate their specimens (Flewett, 1972). Science has proven that electrons have a shorter wavelength than photons which enables the end-user to observe detailed images of blood vessels, individual proteins, atoms, as well as cells, microbes, and tissues within the beam of high resolution. Here are several other examples in which the EM has contributed to the evolution of medicine: EM enables the visualization of subcellular structures because of its high-resolution capabilities. This has been crucial for understanding the intricate details of cells, organelles, cellular processes (Flewett, 1972). EM provides a broader understanding of pathogens. It enables researchers to understand the morphology, replication mechanisms, and interactions of microorganisms at a depth that was previously unknown. This knowledge is the basis for which medical practitioners develop treatment plans and vaccines (Flewett, 1972). EM enhanced diagnostic pathology by providing detailed images of tissues and cellular structures. This has advanced diagnostic accuracy in the identification of diseases that may not be easily identified using other methods (Flewett, 1972). EM has significantly improved drug development and research. Researchers can observe how drugs interact with cellular components, which assist in the design and optimization of pharmaceuticals (Flewett, 1972).
The evolution of neuroscience has also been impacted by the creation of the EM. It allows medical practitioners and researchers to study intricate structures of neurons, synapses, and other components of the nervous system. It has influenced a broader understanding of brain function which equips neurologists with better methods of approaching neurological disorders effectively (Flewett, 1972). EM is also utilized in the study of genetic disorders which enhances insights into the structural abnormalities associated with various genetic conditions. This knowledge is critical for understanding the mechanisms underlying specific disorders and constructing potential therapeutic interventions (Flewett, 1972). The electron microscope is a valuable technique in the surveillance of emerging diseases and potential bioterrorism viruses (Flewett, 1972). This method is continuously at the forefront of virus identification to this day and is the apparatus used to detect unknown or unsuspected agents. Although electron microscopy is considered old by some it provides deeper insights into the development of diagnostics, treatments, and our overall knowledge of health and disease. On September 11, 2001, a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred that exposed vulnerabilities in our healthcare system. The event profoundly impacted various aspects of society, including the field of medicine. This unfortunate event prompted federal, state, and local officials to focus on improving emergency response, rescue operations, and disease surveillance (Ringel & Wasserman, 2011). The attacks also highlighted the importance of effective emergency medical response and disaster preparedness. Healthcare professionals had to be trained in new protocols that improve emergency medical care in the aftermath of large-scale disasters. Hence this led to timely advancements in disaster medicine, trauma care, and coordination among various healthcare entities.
In 2009 our nation faced the H1N1 pandemic and the response and preparedness from healthcare professionals were timely and efficient because of the lessons learned from the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The swift identification and characterization of a novel pandemic virus, and the fast pace with which a new flu vaccine was developed and produced was a great success (Ringel & Wasserman 2011). Moreover, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention Strategic National Stockpile rapidly distributed antiviral drugs; and effectively educated the public on proper methods to prevent transmission of the virus (Ringel & Wasserman 2011). Roles of Healthcare Professionals In 1870 almost all practicing physicians were unlicensed and could easily portray to the public that they were qualified to practice medicine. However, in the 1870s the Medical Practice Acts were passed which required physician licensure to be a state function (Sandvick, 2009). As a result, 15 states passed some form of medical licensing between 1870 and 1880 (Sandvick, 2009). This legislation allowed state officials to regulate the practice of medicine in specific jurisdictions. These acts outline the legal framework for the licensing and oversight of physicians, making sure that they fulfill certain qualifications and standards to practice medicine. For example, physicians must maintain ongoing professional development through continuing medical education (CME), complete licensing examinations, obtain and maintain specialty certifications to ensure certain standards are met for their expertise, and go through background checks to ensure good moral character. These measures significantly improved public health, safety, and welfare because they protect the public from incompetent, unlawful, fraudulent, and deceptive practice of medicine (Sandvick, 2009). The stethoscope was invented by Rene Laennec in 1816 (Reiser, 1979). This medical apparatus improved both the way physicians perceive disease and the rapport with the patient. At the start of the 19 th
century, patients were often diagnosed based on the patient’s verbal history of his/her illness and the physician’s observations of the patient’s breathing patterns, skin color, and tongue condition (Reiser, 1979). Many of the methods used before the creation of the stethoscope were unreliable to ensure an accurate diagnosis. The ground-breaking accuracy of the stethoscope made it the first medical instrument to be generally used by physicians to diagnose ailments (Reiser, 1979). Physicians who regularly used the stethoscope method made physical examination the cornerstone of providing an objective diagnosis. Signs that would normally elude outdated methods of observation were directly communicated to the physician via the patient’s body. As a result, this improved the overall accuracy of clinical assessments in healthcare. The stethoscope played a pivotal role in identifying conditions in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It became an essential instrument for diagnosing respiratory conditions like pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, and heart conditions such as heart murmurs, valve disorders, and arrhythmia (Reiser, 1979). The advancements in cardiology stemming from the creation of this instrument influenced the development of specialized fields within cardiology, such as interventional cardiology and electrophysiology (Reiser, 1979). In addition, a Gastroenterologist utilizes the stethoscope to auscultate and interpret sounds from gastrointestinal functions as well. Its relevance in the 20 th century and adaptation to technological advancements displays its enduring influence on the practice of medicine. Technology in Healthcare The evolution of technology in the past few decades has taken a quantum leap in managing patient care. For instance, telemedicine has provided patients with a new option to receive remote medical services, consultations, and support without leaving the comfort of their homes. Patients can consult with physicians without commuting long distances which makes healthcare more convenient. Healthcare
practices regularly offer virtual routine check-ups, follow-up appointments, and initial assessments to their patients (Islamia, Ambedkar & Pant, 2021). Through virtual platforms, providers can remotely diagnose and treat a plethora of medical conditions. This technology has also benefited the healthcare delivery process by reducing waiting times for appointments and preventing the aggravating experience of patients waiting in overly crowded offices (Islamia, Ambedkar & Pant, 2021). It allowed more timely interventions that benefit both the healthcare providers and patients. Moreover, telemedicine was the crème de la crème of patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare professionals were able to maintain quality patient care while minimizing the risk of viral transmission. During the pandemic, telemedicine was effective for screening, diagnosing, and treating patients during times of social distancing and federal lockdowns (Islamia, Ambedkar & Pant, 2021). This technology has been proven to overcome traditional barriers, enhance accessibility, and improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery (Islamia, Ambedkar & Pant, 2021). Telemedicine will more than likely continue to evolve and transform how healthcare is delivered and experienced globally. In the 19 th century, Europe was the first to utilize formal medical records in teaching hospitals, and many healthcare systems around the world followed suit. The medical record helped healthcare professionals document and store private information in an organized and standardized format. While the medical record system solved some problems in patient care it had noticeable limitations as well. The electronic health record (EHR) has improved how patient information is collected, stored, and shared (Honavar, 2020). It has also improved accessibility and portability amongst authorized healthcare providers across different specialties (Honavar, 2020). This feature is especially beneficial in emergencies and/or when patients receive care from multiple providers. Moreover, two of my favorite features of the EHR include patient portals that empower me to access health information at any time, and the reduction of errors when coding outpatient accounts. The first feature gives me and other consumers in healthcare the benefit of accessing our personal health information without delays. The latter feature of the EHR
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