C799 Performance Assessment Task 2

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C799 Healthcare Ecosystems Performance Assessment Task 2 Lindsay McGahee C799: Healthcare Ecosystems Tricia Jones May 9, 2023

A1 Historical Events that Influenced the Evolution of Medicine There are many historical events that influenced the evolution of medicine including the foundation and development of public hospitals and schools of medicine. In 1751, Pennsylvania Hospital was opened as the first public hospital. Prior to the establishment of public hospitals, seeking public medical care was a rarity and most individuals tried to treat themselves at home. In 1765, the first medical school, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, was opened and allowed students to learn more about anatomy and the treatment of patients. In the 1860s, public hospitals were becoming more commonplace in urban areas and were a place where patients could expect treatment rather than just a place to go when near death. The Civil War, which occurred from 1861 to 1865, influenced the methods and demand for knowledge in the treatment of injuries and diseases. In the 1870s, the Medical Practice Acts were passed and licensure of physicians become mandatory. This starts the movement towards more education physicians and treatment. In 1893, John Hopkins School of Medicine opened and introduced a new learning style with patient interaction and laboratory skills. In 1910, the Flexner Report was published. This report was eye-opening in regards to medical education and regulation of practicing physicians and facilities. World War I, occurring from 1914 to 1918, and World War II, occurring from 1939 to 1945, brought the need for more development and knowledge in the treatment of injuries and diseases seen during wars. In 1948, the World Health Organization was established and ethics for medical research and clinical trials were set in place as a result of the Nuremberg trials. In 1965, Medicare and Medicaid were established to provide coverage for care for the elderly and financially unstable individuals. In 1980, area safety-net hospitals were created, allowing for more widespread healthcare availability. In 1996, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was passed. In 2000, To Err is Human is released by The Institute of Medicine (IOM) to bring awareness to issues of safety in healthcare. Shortly after, the IOM released Crossing the Quality Chasm , to address healthcare quality issues. In 2008, The Institute for Healthcare Improvement introduces the Triple Aim.

This focused on care, health, and cost within healthcare management. In 2010, the Affordable Care Act is passed, allowing for more individuals to have access to insurance and affordable healthcare. In 2019, the Affordable Care Act is repealed. (Wagner, 2020, p. 37-41) A2 Historical Events that Influenced the Roles of Healthcare Professionals There are many events that influenced the roles of healthcare professionals including the creation of medical schools and the increasing requirements to ensure quality of care. In 1765, the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, was opened as the first medical school in the United States. In 1857, Elizabeth Blackwell becomes known as the first female physician in the United States. In the 1870s, the Medical Practice Acts are passed and physician licensure becomes required to practice. This ensured quality control review for all practicing physicians. In 1884, Detroit’s Harper Hospital Nursing School is opened and allows for education within the nursing profession. In 1910, the Flexner report is published and opens the door for more rigorous education and regulation of providers. In 1989, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 was passed, introducing physician fee-schedules and reimbursement guidelines based on resource-based relative value scales (RBRVS). In 1996, HIPAA is introduced and calls for more accountability and privacy standards with health information. (Wagner, 2020, p. 37-41) A3 Historical Events that Influenced Technology in Healthcare There are many events that have influenced the growth of technology in healthcare including the creation of x-ray and MRI machines and more recently the rapid growth of Electronic Health Record systems. In 1893, the discovery of x-rays is found by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen. In 1931, the electron microscope is created. In 1943, the first dialysis machine is created by Willem Johan Kolff. In 1971, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was invented by Paul Lauterbur. In the past 20 years, the development and implementation of Electronic Health Record Systems have become more demanded and required to ensure efficient, quality healthcare. (Wagner, 2020, p. 37-41)

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