Inflammation , Immune Response, and HIV Infection (1)

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Holy Family University *

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Jan 9, 2024

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NUFT 351- IMMUNE SYSTEM 1 Immune System Inflammation , Immune Response, and HIV Infection Normal Immune Response ● Immunity ○ Body’s ability to resist disease ○ Antigen and Antibody ○ Serves three functions ■ Defense ■ Homeostasis ■ Surveillance Immunity = body’s ability to resist disease Immune response Defense – prevents development of infection by attacking foreign antigens/pathogens Homeostasis – damaged cellular substances are removed Surveillance - foreign/mutated cells are recognized and destroyed Antigen Substance that elicits an immune response Most are protein All body cells have surface antigens that are unique and enable the body to recognize itself Inflammatory Response Clinical Manifestations ● Local manifestations ○ Redness ○ Heat ○ Pain ○ Swelling ○ Loss of function See Chapter 11, Inflammatory Response: Clinical Manifestations; Table 11-3, Local Manifestations of Inflammation; and Figure 11-3 (next slide). Warmth Increased metabolism at the inflammatory site Redness Hyperemia from vasodilation (increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body) Swelling Fluid shift to extracellular spaces, fluid exudate accumulation Pain Change in pH. Nerve stimulation from chemicals (histamine/prostaglandins). Pressure from fluid exudate. Decreased function Swelling and pain Inflammatory Response Clinical Manifestations Local Response
NUFT 351- IMMUNE SYSTEM 2 Occurs in response to tissue injury, invasion of organisms Usually accompanied by inflammation, but inflammation can occur without infection Inflammation does not always mean infection is present! Inflammatory Response Clinical Manifestations ● Systemic manifestations ○ Increased WBC count “shift to the left” ○ Malaise ○ Nausea and anorexia ○ Increased pulse and respiratory rate ○ Fever Infection ● Occurs in response to tissue injury, invasion of organisms ● Usually accompanied by inflammation, but inflammation can occur without infection ● Inflammation does not always mean infection is present! Inflammation – acute vs chronic Acute 2-3 weeks for healing without residual damage (neutrophils) Subacute – same features as acute, but lasts longer Chronic – weeks/months/years. Lymphocytes and macrophages. Types of Immunity ● Innate ○ Present at birth ○ First-line defense against pathogens ● Acquired ○ Developed immunity ○ Active ○ Passive
NUFT 351- IMMUNE SYSTEM 3 Acquiring Antibody-Mediated Immunity ● Adaptive immunity ● Active immunity ○ Natural active immunity ○ Artificial active immunity ● Passive immunity ● Natural passive immunity ● Artificial passive immunity Also called humoral immunity Adaptive = acquired Acquired Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response. Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen.Result of invasion of body by microorganisms and development of antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes Arises from disease or immunization Takes time to develop, but is long lasting Passive the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or anima Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization by the injection of antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not produced by the recipient's cells. Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal into the fetal bloodstream.
NUFT 351- IMMUNE SYSTEM 4 Chapter 14 HIV Infection Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ● Retrovirus that causes immunosuppression making persons more susceptible to infections. ● HIV can be transmitted through contact with certain body fluids ○ Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk ● HIV is not spread through casual contact ○ hugging, dry kissing, shaking hands, sharing eating utensils, using toilet seats Greater than 1 million currently living with HIV About 36,500 new infections occur in United States each year Effective treatment has led to a dramatic drop in death rates Sexual Transmission ● Unprotected sex with an HIV-infected partner is most common mode of transmission ○ Greatest risk is for partner who receives semen ■ Prolonged contact with infected fluids ■ Women at higher risk ■ Trauma increases likelihood of transmission ○ Contact with blood: Sharing drug-using paraphernalia is highly risky ■ Routine screening of blood donors have improved blood supply safety ■ Puncture wounds are most common means of work-related HIV transmission Perinatal Transmission ● Can occur during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding ● On average, 25% of infants born to women with untreated HIV will be born with the infection ● Treatment can reduce rate of transmission to less than 2% Pathophysiology of HIV ● HIV is a ribonucleic acid virus ○ Called retroviruses because they replicate in a “backward” manner going from RNA to DNA ○ CD4+T cell is the target cell for HIV ■ Type of lymphocyte ■ HIV binds to the cell through fusion ● Immune problems start when CD4+ T cell counts drop to less than 500 cells/μL ○ Severe problems develop when less than 200 CD4+ T cells/μL ○ Normal range is 800 to 1200 cells/μL ● Insufficient immune response allows for opportunistic diseases
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