Study Guide for Final

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Philosophy

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May 21, 2024

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○ Study Guide for Final Red=consolidated for quick study Beyond the specifics below, there will also be questions involving the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act, the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the Moynihan Report, and the concept of "blaming the victim." Why did William Ryan accuse Daniel Patrick Moynihan of blaming the victim in the Moynihan Report? The 1952 McCarran- Walter Act The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (The McCarran-Walter Act) upheld the national origins quota system established by the Immigration Act of 1924, reinforcing this controversial system of immigrant selection. Eliminated all previous immigration Exclusion Acts. Quota was 100 per year. Ended the Asian Exclusion from immigrating to the United States and began filtering applicants with preferences for professionals, family reunification(those w/ family already in the US) and political refugees (an f.u to the Soviet Union). The act created symbolic opportunities for Asian immigration and repealed the Asian ExclusIon Act and eliminated laws preventing Asians from becoming naturalized American citizens. Asians were more likely than other groups to take advantage of the skill set requirement. The past Eliminated the designation “Aliens ineligible to citizenship.” The 1964 Civil Rights Act Civil rights and US labor law legislation in the United States that outlawed and ended discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public, establishments.“public accommodations” Jobs College Public establishments The Moynihan Report A 1965 report on black poverty in the United States written by Daniel Patrick Moynihan believed African Americans were i poverty because of their actions as opposed to systematic racism. - The Black Family is poor because they are Black. “culture of poverty ”; Psych William Ryan, coined the term“Blaming the Victim” Argued that the report wa attacking the black people stigmatizing black men, and marginalizing black women. 1943 Magnuson Act - It allowed Chinese immigration for the first time since the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and permitted some Chinese immigrants already residing in the country to become naturalized citizens .

○ American Citizens for Justice (ACJ.) - Civil right group educating the public about Asian- American discrimination (***Vincent Chin 3rd case) ___________________________________________________________________ On the concept of "racism": How can we define "racism"? What is being implied by the concept itself? How does this make overcoming racism a difficult task? Racism is when you act upon your belief That people can be divided. That “instincts”or an “essence” that they do not share with members of other groups. Racism can be defined as treating a racial group of individuals in a manner that they do not deserve to be treated or is unjustifiable. Acting on ideas of race for the purpose of oppressing others . Cognitive dissonance : When your thoughts don't align with your actions . Ex. Donald Trump: “I don’t have a racist bone in my body.” The concept of racism itself implies the normalization of these measures in order to prevent the integration of non-white races into better opportunities or treatment in society and under the law. Overcoming racism becomes a difficult task because it is very hard to convince an individual of their wrongdoings if they are engaged in cognitive dissonance. To them, these actions are the only correct solution to protect their livelihoods, properties, and peace. Individuals engaged in racist antics have been conditioned to believe that this is correct and normal therefore stating that this ideology is wrong would be contradictory to their previous actions and beliefs What is "material racial inequality"? How does this inequality make overcoming racism a difficult task? Material racial inequality relates to opportunities that have benefited groups such as white individuals with better educations, property, healthcare, and wealth due to disproportionate advances given in the past. For many non-white individuals that have been subjected to racialized laws such as The Alien Land Law that denied aliens ineligible to citizenship from buying land it hurt their prospects to financially succeed by attaining business and property. In the present, the simple fact of owning property

○ already promotes wealth for a family. Without ample access to that in the past, in the present families struggle to find means to afford a property with limited funds as the cost of living continues to rise. This inequality makes overcoming racism a difficult task because there is still no real equality of opportunity. Yes, individuals can attend colleges, get better jobs, and purchase homes in better neighborhoods but realistically their past generations have not accumulated wealth to give a boost to the future generations leading to a vicious cycle of poverty, poor health, and housing instability. With this dynamic, we still see superior and inferior relationships between white individuals and non-white individuals. ____________________________________________________________ Haney Lopez chapter 1 What is the "transparency phenomenon," and how does it relate to the prerequisite cases? (see especially pages 16-19) Transparency phenomenon is the tendency for whites not to think about whiteness, or about norms, behaviors, experiences, or perspectives that are white-specific. This also had afflicted judges deciding on prerequisites cases . Despite the apparent simplicity of the issue before them, the courts hearing prerequisite cases experienced great difficulty defining who was white, often turning for succor to such disparate materials as amici briefs, encyclopedias and anthropological texts. The courts were slow to develop a defensible definition of whiteness, instead frequently reaching contradictory results. How white people do not see themselves in racial terms is so hard for the judges, because they never thought about it. Context of how whites affect. ● This was the tendency for those in dominant categories to not acknowledge their race or that part of their identity. Being white was just their norm. Because of this it would make it difficult to determine who was “white” because they never really put thought into it. _____________________________________________________________ Haney Lopez chapter 3 Questions 1 and 2: What does Haney Lopez have to say regarding the two questions he poses at the outset of this chapter? During the prerequisite cases this showed the value of being classified as a White citizenin the US? 1. "First, what explains the nearly ninety-year lag between the legislative imposition of the 'white person' prerequisite in 1790 and its first legal test in 1878?"

○ The nearly 90 year lag between the legislative partly reflect the relative insignificance of federal as opposed to state citizenship was more important than federal citizenship for securing basic rights and privileges. Another reason: because the applicants(immigrants) involved in these cases weren't here (no immigrants from Japan, China, Syria, India, etc.) now that there's many, have to deal with it more. 2. "Second, why did all but one of the applicants petition for citizenship on the basis of a White identity, when, after 1870, naturalization was also available to Blacks?" Blacks were considered Africans and were stigmatized; immigrants learned about “Whiteness” being valued. - The legal citizenship for Whites were well established and the White identity was fought for in comparison to Black identity and this is simply because Whites were treated better. 3. Discuss the point of Haney Lopez's statement on page 39: "Our response betrays that we are the immediate and largely unquestioning inheritors of the pronouncement that Chinese are not White." (For the context of this question, you'll want to start reading at the top of page 38; the focus is on the Ah Yup case of 1878.) ● Ah Yup1878 : first prerequisite case ● The Justice did not have anything to go based on from previous cases ● It was obvious to us they were not white but it wasn't obvious to them that they were white ● Our response - when we responde like that we are betraying something “ thank goodness they are not like us” ● Unquestioning inheritors- ideas came from the past, we have inherited those ideas ● We have accepted where these people fall and we do not question based on laws and policies (no if race is a social construction then that's not it) ● Obama: part white and black, but no one will say they are white? Why because we inherited those ideas and white suppremisses establishment ● We're taking an idea “Chinese are not white people '' and throwing back to a historical moment where that wasn't obvious. 4. What is the relationship between District Judge Cushman's opinion and the anti-Chinese rationales in People v. Hall and why Asian Americans remained

○ "aliens ineligible for citizenship" after 1870? (see the excerpt from Terrace v. Thompson at the bottom of page 39.) (Pg. 39) It is obvious that the objection on the part of Congress is not due to color, as color, but only to color as an evidence of a type of civilization which it characterizes.. The yellow or bronze racial color is the hallmark of Oriental despotisms. It was deemed that the subjects of these despotisms, with their fixed and ingrained pride in the type of their civilization, which works for its welfare by subordinating the individual to the personal authority of the sovereign, as the embodiment of the state, were not fitted and suited to make for the success of a republican form of Government. Hence they were denied citizenship. ● Why are they being denied citizenship? Because they cannot confirm to being a republican from the government ● We cannot allow them because they have their own fixed and ingrained pride in the type of citizenship ● Intentionally or not the judge's concept defined “what is race?” ● Race has nothing to do with what you look like ● His color is evidence Terrace v Thompson is an early case that challenged alien land laws. Same issue is being referenced though - The relationship between the arguments is that they both touch on this idea of Asian Americans forever and always will be attached to their home country. They will never know what it's like to be an American because its not in their blood. *fixed and ingrained pride. - it is RACIAL. - something in their blood that blocks them from understanding the American form of government. - never adapt to our government and being an American. - Concept of race: APPEARANCE DEFINES CHARACTER. What the color of your skin says about you. EVIDENCE! ( we aren't discriminating you bc of color we discriminating you bc your color communicates who you are as a person ( instincts internal ) it just so happens that your physical appearance correlates with who you are as a person. ____________________________________________________________ Haney Lopez chapter 4

○ 1. Briefly discuss the ruling in Ozawa v. United States . How, specifically, did Takao Ozawa argue that he was a "white" person? In rejecting his application, how did the Supreme Court argue that he was not a white person? Ozawa Vs United States “Free white persons” refers to race rather than to color light or dark skin doesn’t classify white or Caucasian. Court ruled on scientific evidence for Ozawa light skin but was Mongolian. The Ruling: Supreme Court struck down the case for skin color because it did not correlate with race based on scientific evidence Ozawa Argument His skin was whiter than average Caucasians. Court argument: They didn’t see what Ozawa saw. The courts denied him since they couldn’t look past his race which was Asain. 2. How are Najour and Ozawa related in the conversation regarding race and skin color? How does this conversation become evidence of its own that race may very well be a "social construction"? (see especially Haney Lopez pages 58-60 ) Najour : a relatively dark skinned immigrant from Syria was classified as white on the basis of scientific evidence/ Caucasian. → The courts denied him because his skin was dark and since he didn’t have white skin they denied him even though he was classified as white. Syria immigrant who was classified white through scientific evidence Ozawa: Japanese American that assimilated to U.S culture and was as white as the white people of the courts but was still not seen as white → The courts denied him because they couldn’t look past him being Asain and that even though he had white skin he didn’t belong. These two cases relate because it’s only a year apart from each other and the courts told Ozawa they don’t look at skin tone but that’s what they are clearly looking at in the Najour case which shows that the courts are hypocritical. Since they went back and forth in both cases this is what shows that race is a social construction.

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