Midterm Review Sheet-PHIL 2306

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Blinn College *

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2306

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Philosophy

Date

Feb 20, 2024

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pdf

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2

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Midterm Review Sheet The following items will be covered in the midterm exam. Please note that this list is not exhaustive and that students are expected to carefully read and reread the assigned textbook chapters to be fully prepared for the midterm. ● Altruism-a concern for well-being of others as a value in itself, independent of any self-interest ● Relativism-Maintains that there is no universal objective moral standard but that there can be different moral standards for different social groups ● Objectivism-Maintains that there is one universal moral standard that holds for all cultures, social groups, and persons regardless of their particular moral beliefs or practices ● What is a moral principle? A moral claim that holds in general and so is not limited to particular people or to a situation ● What is the difference between descriptive and normative claims? ● Subjectivism-Maintains that there is no universal objective ● What is a moral claim? ● Ethical Egoism vs. Psychological Egoism. What are their differences? According to the descriptive philosophical theory known as psychological egoism, all human behavior is driven by self-interest. An alternative normative philosophy called ethical egoism argues that all human activity ought to be driven by self-interest. In psychological egoism, people act in ways that serve their own interests. This is a narrative description of what pushes someone to take action. While ethical egoism is more of a philosophical position, it holds that any outcome of an activity that benefits the performer has good morals. This demonstrates that a person's well-being is the only thing that matters to them. A descriptive theory based on actual observations is psychological egoism. It
does not provide advice or establish whether a behavior is morally proper or bad. Being a normative perspective, ethical egoism has consequences. ● What is moral psychology? An empirical field that investigates psychological aspects of moral motivation and behavior ● Consequentialism-a general approach to ethics for which only consequences determine what is morally right or wrong ● Utilitarianism- ● hedonism -a tradition that maintains that there is just one foundational good pleasure that may serve as the basis for any action ● J.S. Mill’s distinction between higher and lower pleasures ● What is the difference between act and rule utilitarianism? Rule utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory that establishes practices, rules, and principles to follow. Act utilitarianism a consequentialist theory that defines the morally right act, for a particular situation, as that which produces the greatest overall utility.
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