Chapter 4_ Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

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Chapter 4: Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research What is Ethics? ● Derived from the Greek word “ethos” meaning “ways of living” ● Concerns moral principles of human conduct The Milgram Obedience Studies ● Told that participants were being split between “teachers” and “learners” (learners being confederates) ○ Teachers were instructed to punish learners for mistakes; through shocks which would increase in voltage ○ Voltage would eventually be as high as 450-volt shocks (which after 300-volts you wouldn’t hear screams anymore ● The simple requirement of “continue”, “the experiment requires you to continue” ● 65% of the participants obeyed - delivering 450-volt shocks to the learner ● Only 2-3 participants (out of hundreds) would refuse to administer the first 15-volt shock Illustrate a Difficult Ethical Balance ● Ethical questions ○ Was it ethical to put teacher participants through such a stressful experience? ○ Were there lasting effects of study after participants had been debriefed ● Balancing risk to participants with the benefit of society Core Ethical Principles ● Nuremberg Code (not a formal law) ● Declaration of helsinki ● The Belmont Report (USA) ● APA Code of Ethics ● Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (Canada) Nuremberg Code ● Following WWII, the Nuremberg trials revealed the horrors of medical experiments conducted on concentration camp victims in Nazi-occupied Europe and this results in the Nuremberg Code ● It is a point statement delimiting the permissible medical experimentation on human subjects ● It is not a formal law in any nation; but it influences the ethical research laws of many countries

Declaration of Helsinki ● A set of ethical principles in regards to human experimentation ● Developed originally in 1964 for the medical community by the World Medical Association ● It is widely regarded as the cornerstone of human research ethics ● Many national leaders have signed the declaration The Belmont Report ● US based guidelines for researchers to follow ● In 1976, a commission of physicians, ethicists, philosophers, scientists and other citizens gathered in Maryland and intensively discussed basic ethical principles researchers should follow ○ Principle of respect for persons ○ Principle of beneficence ○ Principle of justice Guidelines for Psychologists: APA Ethical Principles ● Governs psychologists in their role as a scientist, educator and practitioner ● Covers a wide range of issues: ○ Clinical/counseling issues ■ E.g., fees, competence, relations with clients ○ Organizational issues ■ E.g., advertising, org conflicts, consulting ○ Academic issues ○ E.g., teaching, supervision, relationships ○ Research issues APA Code of Ethics - Research ● E.g., publication credit, honesty in reporting, REB/IRB approval, sharing data, plagiarism, reviewing manuscripts prior to publication ● Doing research ○ E.g., informed consent, integrity, respect for person’s rights and dignity, debriefing, deception Belmont Plus Two: APA Code of Ethics 1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence ○ Treat people in ways that benefit them ○ Don’t cause suffering 2. Fidelity and responsibility ○ Establish trust ○ Responsibility professional behaviour (in research, teaching and clinical practice) 3. Integrity

○ Strive to be accurate, truthful and honest in roles as researcher, clinician and teacher 4. Justice ○ Strive to treat all groups of people fairly ○ Those who are in the study will benefit from the research ○ Recognize that people are autonomous agents 5. Respect for people’s rights and dignity ○ Rights to privacy, giving consent, and participate confidentially ○ Understand that some populations may be less able to give autonomous consent Belmont Report APA Ethical Principles Description Beneficence a) Beneficence and nonmaleficence Treat people in ways that benefit them. Do not cause suffering. Conduct research that will benefit society. b) Fidelity and responsibility Establish relationships of trust; accept responsibility for professional behavior (in research, teaching, and clinical practice). c) Integrity Strive to be accurate, truthful, and honest in one’s role as researcher, teacher, or practitioner. Justice d) Justice Strive to treat all groups of people fairly. Sample research participants from the same populations that will benefit from the research. Be aware of biases. Respect for persons e) Respect for people’s rights and dignity Recognize that people are autonomous agents. Protect people’s rights, including the right to privacy, the right to give consent for treatment or research, and the right to have participation treated confidentially. Understand that some populations may be less able to give autonomous consent, and take precautions against coercing such people. Tri-Council Policy Statement ● It applies to all research involving humans, conducted in Canada or abroad, by researchers working under the auspices of one or more institution(s) eligible for funding by federal agencies: ○ CIHR/IRSC: Canadian Institutes of Health Research ○ NSERC/CRSNG: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ○ SSHRC/CRSH: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council ● Three complementary core principles

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