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Grand Canyon University *
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Course
INVESTIGAT
Subject
Philosophy
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
5
Uploaded by CorporalRockSalamander39
1.4
Logical
Fallacies
Activity
6:
Categorical Propositions
For
the
given categorical propositions,
do
the
following:
a)
If
necessary, rephrase
the
statement
in
standard
form.
b)
Draw
a
Venn
diagram
for
the
proposition
and
label
all
regions of
the
diagram.
c)
Based
only
on
the
Venn
diagram (not
on
any
other knowledge
you
have),
state whether
the
last statement
is
True
or
False.
•
">
Af!.
)
salty
foods
cause high blood
pressure. Apples
do
nofcausehigh
blood pressure,
so
apples
are
not
salty.
\JC,\
t
o\
I
l
:S
0
1...~
v ,
o{
•
swimmers are afraid
of
water.
-
Melissa
is
afraid
of
water,
so
Melissa
must not
be
a swimmer.
\J
ctd
S\)
....
t,"'--'\
• IAiilats
are
gulligJe.
is
gullible,
so
must
be
a
cat.
\V\
u~\\
J
f\
-,J
S""°..Y
t1
"t?'
l
• ~
ovie
stars
are
redhe~s.
Can
you
conclucle
that
there
are
blond
movie
stars?
<>.t
-
"'!Ot
13
-
I
V\
v
~t
ct
rl:J
t
5:);1
al
1.4
Logical
Fallacies
Evaluating
Arguments
Activity 8*: Determine the strength
of
the inductive argument.
James Franco, Jodie Foster, Jennifer Lawrence, and Jack Nicholson have all won Academy Awards for
acting. Actors whose names start with J are bound
to
win an Academy Award.
Activity
9*
:Use a set diagram to determine whether the argument is valid.
If
the argument is valid, determine
if
it is also sound.
a.
"All cats are mammals and a tiger is a cat, so a tiger is a mammal."
First let's write the argument in its "premise, premise, conclusion" form. - - write the first premise as a
qualified proposition
(some, none, all) since this will form the basic structure
of
our diagram.
Premise: all cats are mammals
Premise: a tiger is a cat
Conclusion: a tiger is a mammal
This argument is
____
valid
____
because we were able to show that the conclusion follows
logically from the premises. The argument is also _
___
sound
_____
since the premises "all
cats are mammals" and "a tiger is a cat" are
tr
ue.
b.
"All water bottles are plastic. This is a water bottle, so it must be plastic."
fr
f'IV
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0
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~ll
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ul~
(
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\)""
·.
iJ.
l'\1
'-,t1J
P
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c
, r
This argument is
____
true
_____
because we were
__
O_r
---.-'
••
'---
\---,-,,---_to show that the
conclusion follows logically from the premises. The argument is
,\
,1
I\;
fi
because the
premise that all water bottles are plastic is
____
sound___
'"
15
Chapter
1:
Logic
and
Sets
Brooks
MTH
105
c.
"All firefighters know CPR. Jill knows CPR, so Jill must
be
a firefighter."
:Prrn1
,srs
))
~\\
rrr
C
~~
-u
5
\'.:t-
·:.lV
cF
Q..
D
s·
)i\\
\cV'
o\.)~
crR
r
,rt"
ns,
,
C
on
c\
VI
':
))
Q
Y\
J \\ .\
c..
r
1ef'
I
°)
"-
-h'
r
I
Since
we
CJt11
determine which group Jill must be a part of, the argument is
.(
-; ,
. The statement that Jill is a firefighter does not follow logically from the premises
that "all firefighters
know
CPR"
and that "Jill knows CPR". Since the argument is not valid, it
cannotbe
____
sound
__
_
d.
"None
of
my
friends like dancing. Kai
doesn't
like dancing. Therefore, Kai is
my
friend."
.
1
P
rtt\
'\
\
&r-5
:
~
bnf
o-1-
,
{Y)~
f,
~
-fv,
elr
,:y_
r
d°'~
('
1
f\
v
p(C
h
'>
\
S
l)
_'
l
Ci~
cl:f'')h
-\
\
\Gr
d.
u
lfle'i,
1
'1
CJ
v\C
\t-l
)'\
-)\r°\
·•
r
c-'
t
'<;
P
·,
'{
r\
\-fl<\
J
The
conclusion is
__
invalid,
___
.
And is also
___
not
sound.
___
_
e.
"Some
young
adults
make
minim
um
,vage
an
d Tara is a
young
adult.
Therefore,
Tara
makes
minimum
wage."
_
1
,
,.,.
~
1,,.
J
_
1
1.L.
l',
qk.C
t-
'h1\ ,,
,1
l•
'.-
1
,
,\
,;;
:'
,-
_
0\l'
' I!\_
\f';J!J.• 't)
O,b"
-
vllU
\
r
cf
If'' \
ff
s :
·r
C..
(
c-,
' )
C0n
(
\\_]\
s\
;S
A
'_T
0-,
0\
Cl
'f)'v\
~'\.
,
C\
cl
0i
\
\-'
The
conclusion is
____
invalid
______
and
_____
not
sound.
___
_
16
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