L102_Ethical Dimensions of Organizational Leadership

US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) US Army Command and General Staff School Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Common Core L102: Ethical Dimensions of Organizational Leadership Advance Sheet for L102 Ethical Dimensions of Organizational Leadership 1. SCOPE This lesson provides an opportunity for you to develop tools and skills designed to help cultivate your ability to utilize ethical reasoning as an organizational leader. Ethical reasoning is crucial to making sound ethical decisions and establishing trust within an organization. Ethical leaders clearly identify problems, think through moral implications, and make decisions using ethical guidelines and tools. To refine your ethical reasoning, this lesson examines three major ethical reasoning approaches—virtue based, principle based, and consequence based—alongside the just war tradition. You then apply these approaches to a case study wrought with ethical dilemmas or by participating in the ethics game. In L102, you examine the three major ethical approaches identified above using the ethical triangle as a conceptual framework. You also examine the major tenets of the just war tradition: jus ad bellum, jus in bello, and jus post bellum. Through rigorous examination, you learn that the basis for ethical decision making lies in your ability to balance the various ethical approaches and principles, recognize how each of them might influence decisions for organizational leaders, and apply an approach that aligns with personal and organizational values. The goal in examining these approaches is to challenge leaders to think critically about the ethical decisions they make for the organization. It is not enough for an organizational leader to simply make intuitive decisions based on his or her own ethical approach. Often leaders tend to default to intuitive decision making because it is a fast, experience-based approach to solving problems. From an ethical approach, this can be disastrous. Often leaders tend to operate within a single corner of the ethical triangle, meaning their analysis of ethical dilemmas is shallow and incomplete. Even when leaders do get it right, they struggle with explaining “gut decisions.” Using the ethical triangle allows a leader to make reasoned and balanced ethical decisions they can articulate and explain to others. As a result of this lesson, you have a better understanding of ethical reasoning using the three major ethical approaches, just war tradition, and how each influences decision-making. This allows you to explain ethical decisions to others and help develop good ethical reasoning in subordinates. This lesson provides a foundational understanding of the different ethical approaches to apply to subsequent lessons in the academic year. 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson supports TLO-CC-1 , “Analyze organizational level leadership concepts used to lead in developing organizations” as listed on the block advance sheet. ELO-CC-1.2 Action: Apply the principles of ethical reasoning as a steward of the profession of arms. Condition: Using principles and standards of critical thinking, references, practical exercises, personal experience, and computer-based instruction (CBIs). Standard: Application includes- L102 Advance Sheet June 2021 (AY 21-22)

1. Ethical considerations of an organizational leader 2. Ethical considerations of JIIM operations 3. Ethical considerations of resource management 4. Ethical considerations of ground combat 5. Historical examples of ethical reasoning Learning Domain: Cognitive Level of Learning: Application This lesson supports achievement of the following CGSOC Program Learning Outcomes, (PLOs) in support of CJCSI 1800.01F Dated 15 May 2020. CGSOC Program Learning Outcome 2 (The Profession of Arms) : Graduates who are able to comport themselves as professionals, responsive to the country and the public as servant-leaders. CGSOC graduates model and enforce the ethics, norms, and laws of the profession of arms, applying their knowledge and commitment to strengthen warfighting and related capabilities that advance US security aims. They apply effective interpersonal skills, leadership and followership in the joint environment. They demonstrate a high degree of commitment to further development of their own expertise in the art and science of war, going beyond the study of their own Service’s competencies. CGSOC PLO #2 Attributes: a. Apply ethics, norms, and laws of the profession. b. Apply knowledge and commitment to strengthen warfighting. c. Apply interpersonal skills, leadership, and followership. d. Meet organizational-level challenges. e. Demonstrate commitment to develop further expertise in the art and science of war as life-long learners. f. Demonstrate commitment to study beyond their own service’s competencies. 3. HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT a. First requirement: Read the following before viewing the computer-based instruction (CBI): Read: L102RA: An Overview of Ethical Philosophy and Just War Tradition (8 pages). L102RB: “Ethical Decision Making: Using the ‘Ethical Triangle’” Kem, Jack. Presented at the 2016 CGSC Ethics Symposium, Fort Leavenworth, KS, April 21, 2016 (14 pages). L102RC: “Could Admiral Gensoul Have Averted the Tragedy of Mers el-Kébir?” Lasterle, Philippe. The Journal of Military History , Vol 67, no 3 (July 2004): 835-844 (11 pages). For additional readings on this lesson topic, consider : Allhoff, Evans and Henschke, Routledge Handbook of Ethics and War , New York: Routledge Publishing, 2013. Lucas, George, Routledge Handbook of Military Ethics , New York: Routledge Publishing, 2015. McManus, Robert M. et al, Ethical Leadership: A Primer , Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018. Northouse, Peter Guy. Leadership: Theory and Practice . Eighth ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2018. (see “Leadership Ethics” in this book) Orend, Brian, The Morality of War , Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press, 2006. Orend, Brian, War and Political Theory , Medford, MA: Polity Press, 2019. Pojman, Louis P. Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong . 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2012. L102 Advance Sheet 2 June 2021 (AY 21-22)

Rachels, James, The Elements of Moral Philosophy , 6 th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing, 2010. Svarra, James, “Ethical Foundations,” Chapter One in Combating Corruption, Encouraging Ethics , William L. Richter and Francis Burke, ed. Rowland and Littlefield, Lanham MD. 2007. Pages 11-28. *Note: the last section of this reading has a different, but very worthwhile approach to the ethical triangle. Swaim, Richard and Pierce, Albert, “The Officer at Work: The Ethical Use of Force” in The Armed Forces Officer , National Defense University Press, Washington DC, 2017, pages 43- 65 Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars: a Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations . New York: Basic Books, 1977. b. Second requirement: Complete the case study worksheet that is available in Blackboard in the L100 lesson area. This is a study aid. c. Third requirement: View the computer-based instruction (CBI) and consider the following questions: What is the relationship between virtue, principle, and consequentialist ethics? Why must you be willing to consider various ethical approaches? How might understanding different ethical approaches influence your decisions as an organizational leader? How do you, as an organizational leader, develop good ethical decision makers? How does your understanding of the just war tradition influence your view of warfare and the application of military power? How do the tenets of ethical reasoning shape just war tradition? Why are the principles of Jus ad Bellum, Jus in Bello, and Jus post Bellum important for guiding ethical behavior in war? d. Fourth Requirement : Take the end-of-lesson Blackboard quiz. 4. ASSESSMENT PLAN During L100, the Department of Distance Education (DDE) will assess your performance through written evaluation and feedback, and the completion of all online lessons and quizzes. The L102 end-of- lesson Blackboard quiz is worth 4% of your overall L100 grade. Furthermore, you are responsible for reading all assigned readings, completing all of the online lessons, and having a thorough understanding of the course material. L102 Advance Sheet 3 June 2021 (AY 21-22)

Welcome to the Ethical Dimensions of Organizational Leadership lesson. Successful organizational leaders consider multiple ethical approaches to make informed, reasoned, and ethical decisions. Ethical reasoning is crucial to making sound ethical decisions and establishing trust within an organization. Most decisions have ethical components. Ethical leaders are able to clearly identify the problem, think through the moral implications, and make ethically sound decisions. To refine your ethical reasoning, you will examine three ethical approaches; virtue, principle, and consequentialism, and apply the concepts to an ethical dilemma. Learning how to balance these approaches will help you make effective, ethically sound decisions. The goal in examining these approaches is to challenge you to think critically about the ethical decisions you will make for the organization. It is not enough for an organizational leader to simply make intuitive decisions based on his or her own ethical approach. Often leaders tend to default to intuitive decision making because it is a fast, experience-based approach to solving problems. From an ethical approach, this can be disastrous. Using the ethical triangle allows a leader to make reasoned and balanced ethical decisions they can articulate and explain to others. L102 Advance Sheet 4 June 2021 (AY 21-22)

“Wrong Ball” Trick Play This may sum up what you viewed.  Great play  Cheaters  Ingenuity  Lack of integrity  What are we teaching these kids? People see things differently and make decisions based on virtues, principles, and/or consequential ethics. Reflection Questions  Where did you see virtue in the football game?  Principles? Who represents the rules on the field (referees)? What were they doing?  How about consequential ethics? What’s the goal of football? Short term—to win games. Long term—knowing that this is a middle school football team invokes the idea of teaching character to young people. It is not just about winning games; it is about teaching character.  What is the impact of the play on trust? What will happen in the game the next time there is an injury or someone attempts to interrupt a play? What can you learn from this? Why is it important?  There is more than one ethical point of view, each point of view being equally valid from a particular perspective using the different approaches to ethics.  One person might see an action as unethical from their perspective, but another ethical from his/her own perspective. It is important to consider how a person came to a particular decision before just labeling it as unethical.  It is equally important to consider each of the approaches to ethics while making a decision, so that one understands how others might respond to a decision. Because people approach ethics differently, when making a decision that has ethical implications, it is important to communicate the thought process behind that decision. This does not guarantee agreement, however, it builds understanding and trust that this decision has not been made lightly or without considering other ethical options. For every situation there is more than one ethical point of view. One person may see an action as unethical while another person may view the same action as ethical. It is important to consider how a person came to a particular decision before just labeling it as unethical. According to the ethical triangle, people see things differently and make decisions based on all but which of the following ethical approaches? – Morals Ethical Dilemma? Recall from your reading, “Ethical Decision Making: Using the ‘The Ethical Triangle’” by Dr. Jack Kem that ethical dilemmas are choices between two rights. Ethical Dilemma Examples  Truth vs. Loyalty  Individual vs. Community, etc.  Short Term vs. Long Term L102 Advance Sheet 5 June 2021 (AY 21-22)