Bioethics Quiz #1

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Middlesex Community College *

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Philosophy

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Apr 3, 2024

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MCC Introduction to Bioethics: Short Quiz One (Please answer all 10 questions - #11 is optional). Please underline multiple choice answers.    Name Gabriela Peroco   1. Please describe fully from the PowerPoint, what is a truly autonomous person. How could shared decision-making help or harm individual autonomy for consent? The autonomous person is consistent, in command, independent, resistant to control by authorities, and the source of his/her basic values and beliefs; one’s whole life expresses self-directedness. Shared decision- making could harm a person when the other person does not care about them to do what they would do in that situation (ex. coma patient). Shared decision-making could also help someone who is not mentally capable to make the decision themselves (ex. mentally ill patient). 2. Which two of these philosophers wrote about the need to have public utility when making moral decisions for society? Please underline. a. Immanuel Kant c. Jeremy Bentham e. Frederick Nietzsche b. John Locke d. Aristotle 3. Please imagine a federal judge who has to decide if the compassionate use of clinical trials for terminally-ill patients has enough utility to legally require this for a plaintiff and thus for the whole country. What do you think he would decide, please provide two reasons for or against this? I think that the judge would decide that terminally-ill patients have enough utility. Terminally-ill patients should have the same rights as other patients who are not terminally-ill. If they want to be a part of the trial and have a slight chance of it working (if they do not take the placebo), they should legally be allowed to . 4. Which of these values does Immanuel Kant writings support the most? a. The highest benefit to all c. Individual moral autonomy b. The protection of individual property d. The absence of pain 5. Please underline two major bioethical principles from the common morality below. a. Charitable treatment a. Incentives b. Nonmaleficence d. Justice 6. Please list three of the five critical elements of gaining informed consent for doctors/medical professionals to implement. 1. Consent 2. Voluntariness 3. Disclosure
7. A health worker is being forced to do her shift in the emergency room with COVID patients yet the hospital will not give her protective equipment. Please write out one categorical imperative from Kant that this violates and tell me why. I think that it violates Kant’s Respect for Persons as Ends. He says, “ Act in such a way that you always treat humanity whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end.” If it was the person who is giving her the forced order, he/she would be wearing equipment because they do not want to end up with COVID, but when its not them, its not their problem. 8. Which two of these are the most serious conditions that could violate non-control (voluntariness) that could be felt by the patient in an informed consent process, please underline: a. The patient has to watch a video of the procedure b. The doctor reading the consent form has a heavy accent c. The patient is allowed to just give oral consent, not written. d. Manipulation of a low-income patient with financial incentives e. A credible threat is given to the patient to be part of a research trial 9. Liberal-individualism is about protecting individual freedoms and rights. Who is the philosopher below who championed liberal-individualism? a. Aristotle b. Elizabeth Anscombe c. John Stuart Mill d. Jeremy Bentham 10. Please describe a medical or research harm/atrocity and tell me how it violated one of the bioethical principles. Please make sure to state and describe one of the bioethical principles and how this research harm violated the principle. The Tuskegee experiment violated all four bioethical principles in all of the years that it ran. Beneficence was violated because the men were not treated in an ethical manner and in turn harm was done. When they graduate, doctors take the Physician's Oath, which states, "The physician must...have two special objects in view with regard to disease, namely to do good or to do no harm." In not offering them special care, the principle of nonmaleficence was violated. Harm was intentionally inflicted. Respect for persons speaks for itself. The lack of respect towards these men was off the charts. The medical community did not respect them enough to even offer treatment to them. They were used as guinea pigs. As it says in Roman Law, justice is defined as, "the constant and perpetual will to render to each his due." No justice. This was also an act of racism towards the black community. 11. (Bonus: 5 points) Which emphasis on freedom and liberty came from Black scholars? a. Individual moral autonomy c. Freedom of expression b. The respect for the substance of human nature d. Freedom of religion
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