Annotated Bibliography

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Lone Star College System, Woodlands *

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347

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Philosophy

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Jan 9, 2024

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docx

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1 Annotated Bibliography Caitlin Thomas Chamberlain University Phil 347: Critical Reasoning Dr. Barkauskas December 3, 2023

2 Annotated Bibliography Thesis: Mandatory vaccinations should be implemented in public institutions like schools, hospitals, and businesses to ensure herd immunity and protect public health. Mandatory vaccinations can be considered ethical from various perspectives, including public health, individual rights, and social responsibility. Annotation 1: Betsch, C., Wieler, L. H., & Habersaat, K. (2020). We are monitoring behavioral insights related to COVID-19. The Lancet, 395(10232), 1255-1256 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30729-7/fulltext In Germany, the Weekly COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) was initiated on March 3, 2020, and is now being shared as a blueprint for other countries. The data collection and sharing were used to evaluate the public’s perception and develop a disaster plan in response to the pandemic outbreak. Initiatives and interventions such as vaccines, social distancing, and personal protective equipment in public spaces were implemented in response to the pandemic outbreak. The article highlights the data from the study regarding the public’s perception of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and how social perception and behavioral insights affect healthcare provider’s response to the disaster. Source Evaluation : 2a. This source is current as it was published in 2020 by the highly recognized medical journal The Lancet. The information has been researched and statistics have been provided as evidence

3 to support the argument. Clinical trials have been conducted and all data has been carefully reviewed by medical experts. 2b. This source is scholarly and provides reliable, factual, and valid data. The authors are professionals in their field, who conducted research and collected data to be published. The data they collected was also reviewed by other experts and considered relevant and accurate. 2c. This source supports my claim that primary prevention measures, such as mandatory vaccinations, are beneficial to society as a whole, but heavily influenced by the public’s perception of safety. 2d. This source is popular as it provides clear concise data collected at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, and the public’s perception of implementation of interventions for primary prevention. Annotation 2: Giubilini, A., Douglas, T., & Savulescu, J. (2018). The moral obligation to be vaccinated: utilitarianism, contractualism, and collective easy rescue . Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 21(4), 547-560. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6267229/ This article supports my thesis that people who can get vaccinated and don't have any medical reasons not to, should get vaccinated to help achieve herd immunity. The article supports the belief that everyone has a moral obligation to contribute to herd immunity, which strengthens the argument for mandatory vaccination policies. The two arguments to support this moral obligation are a utilitarian argument based on Parfit's Principle of Group Beneficence, and a contractualist argument. There is also another argument that doesn't require embracing comprehensive moral

4 theories, which is based on a "duty of easy rescue" applied to groups and a principle of fairness in the distribution of the burdens that must be borne to achieve herd immunity. Source Evaluation 2a. This source is current considering it was published in 2018, in The Journal of Medicine, Healthcare, and Philosophy. The arguments in the article provided support philosophical ideals for moral obligations to a society based on the utilitarian theory, group beneficence principal, and contractual obligation theory. It has been peer-reviewed and analyzed since its publication. 2b. The Journal of Medicine, Healthcare, and Philosophy is a highly respected journal that publishes many articles relating to ethics in medicine and healthcare. The authors are experts in their fields holding degrees obtained from the highly renowned Oxford University, which makes this a credible source of information. 2c. This source strongly supports my thesis that vaccinations should be mandatory in public institutions to protect the health and safety of the public by preventing the spread of preventable diseases and strengthening herd immunity for those who cannot receive vaccinations due to medical reasons. 2d. This source is popular because it shows the ethical concerns regarding the moral obligation to protect the safety of the general public, highlighting ethical principles such as utilitarian theory, social contract, and group beneficence. Annotation 3.

5 Mello, M. M., Silverman, R. D., & Omer, S. B. (2019). Ensuring uptake of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(14), 1296 1299. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2020926 This article provides support for my thesis, and also provides perceptions for the opposing argument. It highlights the efficacy of ensuring the uptake of all vaccinations, including COVID-19, starting by implementing mandatory vaccination programs in public schools and healthcare settings. The article explains that mandatory vaccination has been proven to be effective in ensuring high immunization rates among children in many high-income countries, and provides triggering concerns to be considered in the opposition of mandatory vaccines, including safety and ethical concerns. Source Evaluation: 2a. This particular source that I am referencing was published in 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data that it contains is current and up-to-date and is directly relevant to the thesis statement and research paper that I am working on. The research and data provided within the source is highly relevant to the claim that I am making. 2b. This article was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which is a highly respected medical journal that publishes credible peer-reviewed research provided by experts in the field. The authors have obtained degrees in public health ranging from master's degrees to doctorate degrees. Their credentials obtained make their expertise reliable and relevant. 2c. This source also provides information that does not support my thesis. It will be used as a reference for the opposing side so the audience can get a full picture of both sides of the argument.

6 2d. As for this source, it shows both sides of the argument of public perceptions for and against mandatory vaccinations. It is a popular source as it provides insight from experts in their respective fields. Annotation 4: Navin, M. C., & Largent, M. A. (2017). Improving nonmedical vaccine exemption policies: Three case studies. Public Health Ethics, 10(3), 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phw047 This source presents an argument against the elimination of non-medical exemptions. It suggests that there are significant moral reasons to offer such exemptions and that getting rid of them may lead to negative social and political consequences. The authors recommend that non- medical exemptions should continue to be available to those who object for both religious and secular reasons. To decrease the exemption rates, the authors propose that the application process should be made more difficult. The authors support their argument with examples of recent policy changes in three US states. Source Evaluation : 2a. This source is from 2017, which makes it older than five years old, but still provides information and insight that is relevant to my claim and thesis by providing perspectives for the opposing population regarding ethical concerns for autonomy. The case studies presented are historically significant as they are relevant to current events. 2b. Public Health Ethics is a textbook that is used in education regarding public health. The source has been used to provide students at universities around the globe with insights and data from experts in the public health field worldwide. Navin, M. of the Department of Philosophy,

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