D265 Guided Notes

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School

Western Governors University *

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Course

265

Subject

Philosophy

Date

Jan 9, 2024

Type

docx

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Uploaded by ChancellorCapybara3941

D265 Guided Notes Section 1 e Define “proposition™ e Define “non-proposition”: e Complete the following exercises: o Categorize each of the following as a proposition or a non- proposition. = Let's go get lunch. » Lunch is the most important meal of the day. = How much did the lunch cost? » Lunch is not the most important meal of the day. = While there are many places that we could go for lunch, given that you are a vegetarian, we should go to that café on the corner. = Make sure you get enough to eat. e Define “simple proposition™: e Define “complex proposition”: e Complete the following exercises: 0 Break each complex proposition down into its simple propositions. = | am hungry, and | want to go to lunch. * You are not hungry, but you should come to lunch with me. = |fit costs too much, then | will not buy it. = While there are many places that we could go for lunch, given that you are a vegetarian, we should go to that café on the corner. e Define “argument”: e Define “non-argument”: e Complete the following exercises: o Classify the following as an argument or a non-argument. » Apples are healthy, Therefore, you should eat apples.

» They bought the apples because they are healthy. » The little boy went to the moon. He sprinkled fairy dust on his feet, and he flew into the sky. He liked his time on the moon. = | know that we never landed on the moon because the footage looks weird to me. e Define “premise™: e Define “conclusion”: e Complete the following exercises: 0 Separate each argument into its premises and conclusion. = We need to eat more apples. After all, the doc told me that apples are healthy, and it is smart to eat healthy things. » |f we need to eat more apples, then we have to go to the grocery store. If we have to go to the grocery store, then | will need to borrow your car. We need to eat more apples, therefore | will need to borrow your car. e Define “deductive argument”: e Define “inductive argument”: e Complete the following exercises: o Categorize each of the following arguments as deductive or inductive. = The sun has risen every morning that | have been alive. Therefore, the sun will rise tomorrow. = 72% of survey respondents liked the apples. From this we can infer that the majority of Americans like these apples. » |f someone eats apples, then they will be healthy. Bo eats apples. Therefore, Bo will be healthy. = All Americans like apples. Bo is an American. Therefore, Bo likes apples. e Define “valid”: A deductive argument is valid if

e Define “sound”: A deductive argument is sound if e Complete the following exercises: o Say whether each argument is valid or invalid and whether it is sound or unsound. = All fruit smells nice. An orange is a fruit. Therefore oranges smell nice. = An orange is a fruit. An orange smells nice. Therefore all fruit smells nice. » A square has four sides. Four is more than three. A triangle has three sides. Therefore, a square has more sides than a triangle. = Asquare has five sides. Five is more than three. A triangle has three sides. Therefore, a square has more sides than a triangle. e Define “strong”: An inductive argument is strong if e Define “cogent”: An inductive argument is cogent if e Complete the following exercises: 0 Say whether each argument is strong or weak and whether it is cogent or uncogent. = The sun has risen every morning that | have been alive. Therefore the sun will rise tomorrow. » QOranges have vitamins. Therefore all fruit has vitamins. » The first few survey respondents liked the apples. Therefore the majority of Americans will like the apples. e Define “fallacy”: e Define “formal fallacy”: e Define “informal fallacy”: e Define “modus ponens.” Explain why it is not a fallacy. e Define “modus tollens.” Explain why it is not a fallacy. e Define “affirming the consequent.” Is it formal or informal? Why? e Define “denying the antecedent.” Is it formal or informal? Why? e Define the “fallacy fallacy.” Is it formal or informal? Why? e Define the “begging the question” fallacy. Is it formal or informal? Why? e Complete the following exercises:

o Categorize each of the following as affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent, the fallacy fallacy, begging the guestion, or not a fallacy: = “My opponent argues that we should increase bus ticket prices, but they use a slippery slope argument. Since their argument is flawed, | conclude that their conclusion must be false and that we should not increase bus ticket prices.” = “If someone is Canadian, then they love maple syrup. Mat Is not Canadian. Therefore he does not love maple syrup.” = “If someone is Canadian, then they love maple syrup. Mat does not love maple syrup. Therefore, Mat is not a Canadian.” = “If someone is Canadian, then they love maple syrup. Mat loves maple syrup. Therefore, Mat is a Canadian.” = My mom makes the best lasagna because all of the other moms’ lasagnas are worse. Section 2 What does it mean to say that an information source is “biased toward the sensational’? What does it mean to say that an information source is “biased toward a mainstream status quo ideology”? When evaluating a news story, why might it be a good idea to “search on social media like Twitter or Facebook and look at which 'bubbles’ this story is making the rounds in”? Why is it good for a source to “consider counterarguments to their analysis”? Why is it helpful to determine who funded a study or poll? Why will you “never hear anyone on a credible news source say 'you won't hear this on any other news outlet' or 'you can't trust other sources on this because we're the only ones with the inside scoop' or 'everyone else has bought into the lie, but we're here to give you the straight truth™?

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