Phys_1080 - 11 Speed of Sound
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Feb 20, 2024
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Lead Author: Buseong Jang
Date: 11.17.2020
Computer Operator: Jackson Smith
Lab Day: Tuesday
Principle Investigator 1: Buseong Jang
Lab Time: 3pm~4:50pm
Principle Investigator 2: Standing Waves and Sound - Lab Learning Outcomes Students should be able to: •
define the speed of a wave. •
identify the sound as a wave. •
explain when resonances occur in a closed-ended tube. •
figure out the relationship between the length of the tube and the wave’s wavelength. •
by using the definition of the speed of a wave, to calculate its numerical value.
•
critically think of which of the obtained variables in this activity they should use to determine the speed of sound. •
evaluate their results.
Apparatus •
Plastic tube
•
Clamp
•
Glass cylinder filled with water
•
Tuning fork (1024 Hz), tuning fork striker
•
Half meter stick
•
Velocity of sound apparatus •
Microphone
•
Thermometer mounted in front of lab
Loud Lab Warning
Date Modified: June 26, 2019 Speed of Sound Page 1 of 9
This lab will have a lot of sound. Note:
Students often make measurements mistakes because they hear something from the next table. Always verify your measurements before you record them. Part 1: Hands on Sound
Introduction The goal of this lab is to measure experimentally the speed of sound. We will need to set up and use a sophisticated apparatus that will help us determine the speed of sound. But since we are measuring speed, why not to use the general definition of speed which is measuring the distance that an object travels and divide it by the required time that it needs to cover that distance? Could your group perform this activity in the classroom to obtain the value of the speed of sound by using a meter-stick and a stopwatch? Discuss within your group and explain your reasoning. No, because we need some sort of device to measure the sound waves since they are invisible.
Setting up the Apparatus 1.
On your table, you should have a graduated cylinder. If it is not filled with water, fill it with water until only a few centimeters remain at the top of the cylinder. 2.
Place the tube into the water so that it is almost entirely submerged, with about 2 cm of distance between the tube and water level in the graduated cylinder. Note: In this portion of the lab all the distances measured will be from the top of the tube to the water level. You should use a separate ruler or
meter stick to doing this. Observing-Investigating the Phenomenon 1.
Strike the 1024 Hz tuning fork on the striker. Hold it about as far away from you as the water cylinder is. Then, move it over the tube in the cylinder. 2.
Now move the inner tube slowly upward and listen to the tube. What do you notice about the volume of the sound coming from the tube and tuning fork? You should move over at least 10 cm of distance. What do you notice in the sound level as you slowly keep moving the inner tube upward? The sound is increasing when it gets close to a resonance frequency and then fades away when continuing to move up, eventually coming to another resonance frequency and becoming louder again. Taking Measurements Date Modified: June 26, 2019 Speed of Sound Page 2 of 9
1. Now, repeat the same procedure as before recording the distances (measured from the top of the tube until the water level) where you observe all the anomalies in the tone. These anomalies are called resonances. Record your measurements on the following table. Resonances Length (cm) 1st 50
2nd 64
3rd 75
1.
Take the differences between the second measured length and the first, and the difference between the third and the second measured length. Do you notice any patterns in the measured lengths where you observe these resonances? If you don’t, see if you missed any points; failing that you might want to ask your TA for some help.
The difference between the first and the second measurement is 14cm and the distance between the third and the second measurement is 11cm. The only noticeable pattern is that the distance got smaller by 3cm between these new measurements. This relates to wavelength.
2.
This pattern of distance must be related to the sound. What property of sound could this be related to? Remember that sound is a wave and that waves are defined by a frequency and a wavelength. The wavelength of the soundwave is related to this.
Resonance occurs when it begins with node and finishes with antinode.
3.
The open side of the tube is where the air is free to move, therefore there is the antinode (A). The
bottom of the tube is where the air cannot move (water level), a location of no displacement, therefore there is a node (N). In other words, when resonances occur, the end of the closed end of the tube has a node and the open end, an antinode. The first antinode of the wave produced is the first resonance we observe. Date Modified: June 26, 2019 Speed of Sound Page 3 of 9
4.
The following figure illustrates the first harmonic that produces
resonance. In the space provided below, draw the two next harmonics for the
resonances you observe along with the relation between the wavelength and the
length of the tube, as shown for the first antinode. Note:
the referred “tube” is
the tube between the top of the inner tube (open end) until the water level
(closed end), the length of which you just measured in question 1. Draw the wave until the third antinode is met and write the mathematical relationship between L
3
and λ Draw the wave until the second antinode is met and write the mathematical relationship between L
2
and λ The first antinode is met at a quarter of a wavelength (distance between one node and the next antinode is λ/4)
𝐿
= λ
/4
Date Modified: June 26, 2019 Speed of Sound Page 4 of 9 L
3
=
7
5
c
m
L
2
=
6
4
c
m
L
1
=
5
0
c
m
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