Lab #1 EES 512

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Toronto Metropolitan University *

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512

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Physics

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Dec 6, 2023

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pdf

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Department of Physics Course Number EES 512 Course Title Physics waves and fields Semester/Year Fall 2023 Instructor TA Name Lab/Tutorial Report No. lab 1 Report Title Ohm’s law, Series Circuits, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, Parallel Circuits and Kirchhoff’s Current Law Section No. 42 Group No. N/A Submission Date 2023 Due Date September 27th 2023 Student Name Student ID Signature* Micheal Wojcik xxxx77384 MW (Note: remove the first 4 digits from your student ID) *By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of Academic Misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties, as well as a Disciplinary Notice on your academic record under the Student Code of Academic Conduct, which can be found online at: http://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/senate/policies/pol60.pdf

Introduction: Ohm’s law, Series Circuits, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, Parallel Circuits and Kirchhoff’s Current Law are important topics related to electrical circuits and are needed to be discussed before the introduction into other topics related to electrical circuits. As such this lab is meant for the observation of all the aforementioned topics to gain a better understanding of topics taught in lectures. Theory: Ohm’s law: “ Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperatures remain constant ” ( 2 ). Ohm’s law can only be true if all factors remain constant.” V = IR, where V is the voltage across the conductor, I is the current flowing through the conductor and R is the resistance provided by the conductor to the flow of current ” ( 2 ). Series Circuits: A series circuit is an electrically conducting pathway where the entire current flows through each component. The total current in a series circuit is equal to the current through any resistor in the series, while the total resistance in a series circuit is the sum of the resistors. The total voltage in a series circuit is the sum of individual voltage drops across the resistors. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: Kirchhoff's circuit laws, first published in 1845, focus on energy and charge conservation in electrical circuits. They are derived from James Clerk Maxwell's differential equations, but Maxwell's differential equations were not published until 1861 and 1862. Kirchhoff used Georg Ohm's work for Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL). Kirchhoff's laws are crucial for analyzing closed circuits, such as a circuit with five resistors in series and parallel arrangements. By analyzing the circuit's parameters using the resistor values, Kirchhoff's rules can determine the circuit's parameters, including the sources of voltage, such as batteries. Parallel Circuits: A parallel circuit is an electrical path that divides current, allowing only part to flow through any branch. The voltage across each branch remains constant, but currents may vary. In a home electrical circuit, the same voltage is applied across each light or appliance, but each load draws a different amount of current. Multiple batteries connected in parallel provide greater current than a single battery, but the voltage remains constant. Kirchhoff’s Current Law: “ Gustav Kirchhoff’s Current Law is one of the fundamental laws used for circuit analysis. His current law states that for a parallel path the total current entering a circuit's junction is exactly equal to the total current leaving the same junction. This is because it has no other place to go as no charge is lost ” (6) .

Apparatus: Positive wires Negative wires Resistor board Voltmeter Ammeter Power supply Procedure: (FIX IT) 1.1: Connect the circuit as shown in figure 12 in the lab manual, using a 4.7 kΩ resistor for R. Use to represent the Power supply, then connect the positive terminal of V1 to one side of the 𝑉 ? resistor, and then the negative terminal of V1 to the opposite side. measure the voltage of the resistor and the current flowing through it. It is intended for this lab to attach the voltmeter in the parallel orientation to the resistor and then the ammeter in the series orientation when instructed. Attach the voltmeter to the circuit as shown in figure 13 in the lab manual, connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to one side and the negative side to the other. The voltmeter should be measuring . Next add the ammeter to the circuit as shown in figure 14 in the lab manual. To do 𝑉 𝑅 this first disconnect the resistor from the positive terminal of the power supply. Then connect the power supply to a terminal labeled “100mA” on the ammeter and connect the terminal labeled “COM” to the resistor. Set the power supply voltage (vS) so that the voltmeter reads 2 V. Measure the current through the resistor. Record your measurements in Table 1 with an accuracy of at least 2 digits. Repeat this step for all the voltages listed in Table 1. Make sure that you are setting the power supply voltage so that the voltage specified in Table 1 is the voltage you see on the voltmeter, not the voltage you see on the power supply. Calculate the ratio for each of (𝑉 𝑅 )/𝑖 your measurements in Table 1. Graph your results from Table 1 on the graph provided in Figure 15. should be on the y-axis (vertical) and i on the x-axis (horizontal). Make sure to label your 𝑉 𝑅 graph 1.2: Locate the three resistors, R1 = 4.7 kΩ, R2 = 6.8 kΩ and R3 = 10 kΩ. Use the ohmmeter to measure the resistance of each of the three resistors individually and record your results in Table 2. Next, connect the three resistors in series as shown in Figure 16. Use the ohmmeter to measure the total series resistance. Record your results in Table 2. Connect the power supply to the circuit as shown in Figure 17. Set the power supply voltage to 20 V. Measure the voltages across each of the three resistors v1, v2 and v3) as well as the total voltage across all three resistors (vT). Record your results in Table 2. 1.3: Locate the three resistors, R1 = 4.7 kΩ, R2 = 6.8 kΩ and R3 = 10 kΩ. Use the ohmmeter to measure the resistance of each of the three resistors individually and record your results in Table. You can use the results of R1, R2, and R3 from Table 2. Next, connect the three resistors in parallel as shown in Figure 18 in the lab manual. Use the ohmmeter to measure the total parallel resistance. Connect the power supply to the circuit as shown in Figure 19 in the lab

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