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Western Governors University *

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C121

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Political Science

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Jan 9, 2024

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docx

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A. According to Norton (2015), three major changes in “race relations that resulted from Reconstruction” (Norton, 2015) were: (1) the 13 th Amendment, (2) the 14 th Amendment, and (3) the 15 th Amendment. The addition of the 13-15 th Amendments was probably the most significant during Reconstruction. First, the 13 th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States. This was a significant change between the South and the North. The South relied on slavery to crop their fields and were pro-slavery; in contrast, the North thought slavery was immoral. Ultimately, the North won the Civil War, which led to the abolishment of slavery. Second, the 14 th Amendment provides equal protection and due process for all. The diction in this amendment indicated that born or naturalized individuals in the United States are citizens. This amendment was the first time African Americans were considered citizens rather than property to white settlers. Third, the 15 th Amendment indicates that the right to vote cannot be denied based on race or color. This amendment placed power on African Americans with their right to vote. The 13 th -15 th Amendments were the vehicle of change for socioeconomics, migration, and elected officials. B. According to Norton (2015), urbanization and industrialization brought mass production of products, and the regulation of labor laws are two consequences of industrialization on American policies and society. First, many moved from rural to urban homes because of jobs. Urbanization and industrialization had a direct correlation. For example, as more people move to urban areas, the demand for services increases. In the same way, since industries modernized, more people migrated to urban areas from rural areas to be closer to their work. Such interrelationships hurt small farmers’ profits. During this time, we also saw the invention of several communication mediums: telephone and typewriter. In other words, information traveled faster and was also in written form. These communication methods allowed politicians to campaign and advance their agendas. Moreover, migration and the need for individuals to be closer to work led to expanding the railway network to distribute resources. With the effects of urbanization and industrialization came economic opportunities for cities. The government stepped in during this time to provide a guidepost to regulate work around age requirements, working hours, and working conditions to keep Americans safe. As aforementioned, small farmers’ profits declined during this time. Further, these societal changes increased the divide between the wealthy and the poor. C. According to Norton (2015), religion and social morality were promoted by Progressive reforms. During this time, many believed that consuming alcohol was the cause of violence. In tandem, the church reinforced the prohibition of alcohol because they believed alcohol caused Christians to sin. Moreover, religion was used as a platform to solve the rising poverty levels and citizens being treated negatively. Religious leaders promoted the need for public health guidelines and education for the poor. In other words, religion underpinned the issues of morals and initiatives leading to banning alcohol, health requirements, and education. Next, the Progressive Era can be characterized by women’s suffrage and child labor laws. With economic opportunities on the rise, the government began to regulate working conditions. For example, child labor laws were significant as they faced many dangerous situations because of their size, as adults could not fit through tight small spaces. Next, the women’s suffrage

movement advocated for women’s rights. They advocated for women’s rights to vote. The 19 th Amendment gave women the right to vote. Women gained economic protection and fought against the European ideologies that women should remain home to raise children. Furthermore, during the progressive era, referendums and recalls were created. The belief was that this would give more power/voice to the people instead of within the politicians. A referendum allows voters to approve or repeal legislature acts. In comparison, a recall allows voters to remove politicians from office. In short, the power was placed on the voters. And, since African-Americans and Women gained the right to vote, they could advocate for their rights in such ways. D. According to Norton (2015), American imperialism in the United States refers to the expansion of the American culture, politics, economic and military influences outside the US. I will discuss two conflicts characteristic of this period Hawaiian Annexation and the War in the Philippines. The United States’ efforts to expand its territory led them to Hawaii. Hawaii was a socioeconomic and political gain for the United States. Hawaii was a gateway for trading resources. Furthermore, the US exploited the cheap labor of native populations and Japanese immigrants. Moreover, with the Annexation of Hawaii, its citizens had the right to vote. Hawaii was also a strategic, commercial, and Naval value to the United States. In other words, the Hawaiian Annexation was a strategic move from the US as it enhanced trading (East/Asia). The US benefited by exploiting Native Hawaiians and Japanese immigrants for cheap labor. Another conflict was the Spanish-American War. At the time, Cuba imported sugar into the US. This created revenue for Cuba and solidified the relationship between these countries. However, the introduction of sugar tariffs by Wilson-Groman damaged Cuba’s economy. In short, Cuba was not benefiting from its importation of sugar. Further, to exacerbate the circumstance, Spain controlled Cuba, and therefore, the US wanted to annex Cuba. The explosion of the USS Main led to a chain of events. It exploded due to a submerged mine on its way to Havana to protect US citizens. The US placed responsibility on Spain, at which point the US declared war on Spain. This marked the start of the Spanish- American War, which resulted in the Annexation of Cuba. These two conflicts marked the role of American imperialism in the United States. In other words, the United States wanted to expand its influence and gain power, such as resources and labor, with the Annexation of Hawaii and Cuba. References: Norton, M.B. (2015). A people & a nation. Retrieved from https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/53540310

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