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Weissert, Carol S. and Daniel Scheller. 2008. "Learning from the States? Federalism and National Health Policy" Public Administration Review , 68, Supplement to Volume 68: The Winter Commission Report Revisited: 21 st Century Challenges Confronting State and Local Governance and How Performance Can Be Improved : S162-S174 In "Learning from the States? Federalism and National Health Policy" it looks at the federal government’s response to the Winter Commission report of 1993, and how the connection between the federal and the state governments impacted the preparation and application of health policies. The research question that was presented in this article, is does the process of vertical diffusion result in the federal government conducting or pursuing a problem area. The authors of this article observe the six health laws that were implemented between 1993 and 2006. The authors specifically review the states participation in the process. The article shows proof that the states need to help determine the increasing diffusion of information occurs through policy learning. Congressional learning is the focus of this study. The study shows how members of Congress serve as expert national representatives. In this article it was shown that the bulk of the healthcare laws examined are those of the federal government, and how they take on the role of leadership. The importation of illegal drugs and the threat of terrorism has required the federal government to create and implement laws that help better navigate international relations. The importation of illegal drugs has caused the federal government to implicate stricter restrictions for states. With the threat of terrorism most of the money allocated goes toward the federal agencies that combat terrorism, which means that there is little cooperation between the state government and federal government. When it comes to Medicare the state government is significantly involved, however when it comes to the funds being allocated the state government is less involved. State legislation and

federal leadership has shown themselves to be involved with HIPPA. However, on the other end of the spectrum the federal government allocates funds for the SCHIP program, but the different states have flexibility with the program. When it comes to interest groups the federal government does not have the same experiences as state governments have. According to the authors of the article, the federal government has the ability to ignore the state governments experiences because the federal government is taking credit for new policies and policy changes that the state government came up with after the individuals within their state requested change. Kettl, Donald. 1981. "The Fourth Face of Federalism". Public Administration Review 41(3): 366-371 In this article Kettl addressed a new version of federalism that showed the cooperation between private and semi-public groups. This new version also showed the cooperation between federal, state, and local governments. This new version of federalism was introduced in the 1970s. The author of the article refers to this method of federalism as the “fourth face of federalism.” Kettl advised that the fourth face of federalism arose when intergovernmental grants programs were implemented during President Nixon time. The implementation of grant programs promoted fewer federal restrictions and more autonomy for state and local governments. Two programs that were implemented were the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973 (CETA) and Community Development Block Grants (CD) which was created in 1974. The participants of the CETA grants tend to be mainly big cities because they have more flexibility when it comes to creating training for the jobs they offer. They also tend to have more public service employment programs. CD allows cities to have complete control over

selecting developmental projects, housing restoration projects, and public service projects. Both CETA and CD allow for local governments to make decisions on how local projects will be handled. In Richmond, the Department of Developmental Programs oversaw CETA and CD. Neighborhood groups and non-profit organizations spend government allocated funds on certain programs due to these four factors. The four factors are Richmond city officials wanted to avoid permanently building programs into the city’s bureaucracy, a sizable and influential constituency had been developed by prior government programs to support community-level funding going forward, changes in city politics affected organizational decisions, and these agencies were the only alternative available to the city. The article addresses how the new face of federalism has allowed for regular cooperation between city officials and non-city organizations which provides the basic needs for a city. Kettle, Donald. 2000. "The Transformation of Governance: Globalization, Devolution, and the Role of Government" Public Administration Review, 60(6): 488-497 "The Transformation of Governance: Globalization, Devolution, and the Role of Government" addresses how the country has endured a shift where conventional developments and structures have grown less central to the core conversations. However, new polices from nongovernmental institutions and processes have taken place. Due to this transition, there is a large strain on the politicians and government, and it has caused new challenges to face. With the new transitions local, state, and federal governments find themselves struggling to keep up with their new responsibilities. The shift has caused globalization and devolution which has allowed organizations to lead in the formation of international relations. It has also given local and state governments more responsibility in implementing policies. The federal government has been faced with a lot more challenges when it comes to their role in international relations because of globalization.

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