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Long term goals: A long-term goal for John is to help him from feeling depressed consistently. This is something that John expressly said he would love to have fixed in treatment which is good to have him be someone who can avoid prolonged periods of depression. The second goal for John is to have him be able to connect with his family better. He expresses disappointment in himself for not wanting to play ball with his child or observing his wife look at him with disappointment with his current state of behavior. The last goal is to help address with John his feelings of doubt about everything in life due to his time spent overseas on deployment. This is a bigger, potentially underlying much of the current depression, issue that John should look into and address on building a framework that will help with such big feelings. Short term goals: The first short-term goal that John should address is the drinking excessively and using that as a primary coping mechanism. This obviously does not help, and it seems as though John understands that and so to help build strategies to avoid that should be a goal. Second, John should also build strategies around better sleep hygiene which will also build momentum in his fight against these prolonged feelings. Lastly, aiming on getting motivation for life, mainly work and his family, is another important aspect to address in the short term. Theory: Behavior Behavior theorists suggest that certain environmental changes and avoidant behaviors bring about depressive symptoms whereby changing some environmental conditions and learning to engage behaviors will lessen depressive symptoms (Carvalho & Hopko, 2011). This would mean that changing certain aspects of John’s environment and stopping avoidance behaviors would befit him through this intervention. Environmental aspects that would need to change are things like, changing habit of drinking for coping, establishing new daily positive behaviors that will help with motivation, or something like trying a new sleep schedule. Avoidance and depressive symptoms for men, according to Carvalho & Hopko, is usually directly related to stress (Carvalho & Hopko, 2011). This means that John could benefit from gaining strategies in his day to minimize the stress and take a look at stress in his current situation to identify the areas that are most problematic.

References Carvalho, J. P., & Hopko, D. R. (2011). Behavioral theory of depression: Reinforcement as a mediating variable between avoidance and depression. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 42 (2), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.10.001

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