Research and Child Development Paper

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Research and Child Development Paper Christina Spivey Grand Canyon University PSY-355: Child and Adolescent Psychology Professor Deborah Wheeler October 29, 2023 1

Research and Child Development Paper Part 1: Developmental Milestones in Infancy According to (Santarock et al., 2022) development is a sequence of transformation that begins at conception and endures the entirety of an individual's life. The period of existence from conception through one year of life is known as infancy. Many babies can reach milestones in growth at points throughout the course of their lives. Competent babies learn milestones in development, such as their initial words, laughter, and movement (Santrock et al., 2022). They are adept at concentrating on their eyesight, discovering, and establishing contact with their environment. Babies reach benchmarks in their interpersonal, psychological, comprehensible brain function motor, and bodily growth. Through witnessing, regulating, conveying, and forming close connections with others, infants mature socially as well as emotionally (Santrock et al., 2022). Infants' interactions with others as well as the ties of affection and confidence they establish with their parents and other people are influenced by the way their parents hold, embrace, and engage with them (Santrock et al., 2022). Grinning, chuckling, being apprehensive of other people, and being parted are a few instances of psychological and social milestones attained by infants (Santrock et al., 2022). As children engage and converse with people, their ability to speak and communicate expand. Initial exposure to speech trends, sounds, and noises may impact the growth of a child (Santrock et al., 2022). Childhood language and interpersonal developments include murmuring, articulating the phrases "dada” or "mama," sobbing for various causes, and the production of cooing sounds. The method of developing recall, vocabulary, mental reasoning, and resolving issues in infants is referred to as cognitive or neural growth (Santrock et al., 2022). Early stages of mental growth include rooting, gulping, mimicking expressions on the face, and rattle waving 2

(Santrock et al., 2022). Babies strive to perfect their both their fine and gross motor capacities, equilibrium, and flexibility. Infants may raise their heads up, flip over, scoot, and run as examples of their muscular growth and activity (Santrock et al., 2022). Theories and Thinkers that Influenced Early Stages of Development The way that people acquire motor abilities was revealed by the findings of developmentalist Arnold Gesell. According to his research, he found that babies attain benchmarks in a set order and time frame for turning across, sitting, standing, crawling, and various other physical abilities (Santrock et al., 2022). Gesell reached the idea that an individual's biological blueprint or development affects how they develop motor skills after collecting additional assessments (Santrock et al., 2022). Though subsequent research revealed that the order of milestones in growth is neither as fixed as Arnold Gesell claimed, nor is it as inherited as he had explained. The theory of dynamic systems was developed by Esther Thelen. In accordance with this perspective, babies develop the motor capacity required for seeing and doing (Santrock et al., 2022). Babies need to sense something in their surroundings that encourages them to develop their muscles and use their senses to refine how they move in order to improve motor abilities (Santrock et al., 2022). A child's ambitions are expressed by their ability to move around. A young child can pick up an unfamiliar motor activity when they get inspired to accomplish something. The growth of the neural system, the physiological features of the human body and its capacity for motion, the objective the child seeks to accomplish, and the surrounding conditions that nurture the ability all influence the novel conduct (Santrock et al., 2022). According to the dynamic system theory, babies that get feelings of affection, focus, security, 3

and support will make attempts to reach their developmental objectives. All these characteristics typically lead to babies completing all their benchmarks at the right age. Synopsis of the Three Articles The initial article used the research methods of systematic review, a kind of evaluation that medical researchers perform to synthesize all the available evidence for a particular question, and meta-analysis, a type of systematic evaluation that bases the conclusion on numerous studies (Austerberry et al., 2022). The article was entitled "Heritability of Psychological Traits and Developmental Milestones in Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis." A substantial number of respondents must be recruited for this empirical study strategy, which focuses on using computations and data analysis to assess concepts and hypotheses. The second article used a questionnaire as an investigation instrument to gather people's self-reported views or concepts on a particular topic. It was named "Early Motor Milestones in Infancy and Later Motor Impairments: A Population-Based Data Linkage Study" (Jing Hua et al., 2022). When trying to come at the result they reached, they also employed findings, which are information collected in a controlled environment combined with documented occurrences. A qualitative study method was employed, which focused on developing concepts and constructing an idea or premise that encapsulated and investigated evidence. Every participant in this study gave their written permission to say that their identities were kept anonymous, and the data they provided remained confidential. Following the completion of the study, everyone involved were given a review regarding the goals of the inquiry as well as what they learned from examining their kids. The parents were forced to deal with dishonesty because the investigators were unable to notify their loved ones until the study concluded, though the outcome would remain unaltered. 4

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