Homework 2

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Western Michigan University *

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Homework 2 Part I Instructions: Please use complete sentences in order to receive full points for your answers. 1. Artemis is studying the correlation between concentration and caffeine. He notices that the more caffeine you consume, the better you concentrate in class. (5 pts) a. Suppose Artemis found a correlation of +0.99 between concentration and caffeine. Should he conclude that caffeine causes increased concentration? Why or why not. No, Artemis should not conclude that caffeine causes an increase in concentration in class. The reason for this is because correlation does not mean causation since its used to measure and describe the relationship between two variables. It should not be used to interpret as proof for cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. b. What is a potential confounding variable in this scenario and explain why? One potential confounding variable would be the sleep quality of the person consuming caffeine. The reason for this would be that people who have messed up sleep patterns suffer from sleep deprivation. This would cause them to be less concentrated since they are sleepily. So, we can say that the correlation would be how quality of sleep rather than caffeine consumption will increase concentration in class. c. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? The dependent variable in this experiment is the concentration in class.

Part II Instructions: For each problem, you must show your work to receive credit . You may do so either by typing out the steps you took to complete each problem, or by submitting a picture of scrap paper showing your work along with this assignment. 1. Calculate the mean median, mode, and range for the following data set. (5 points) [0,3,4,5,5,6,7,18] Mean: 6 Median: 5 Mode: 5 Range: 0 & 18 2. Calculate the standard deviation for the following data. Assume population data. (5 points) [3,4,6,7,10] Standard Deviation: 2.45 3. Calculate the range and standard deviation for the following problem. Explain which of the two measures of variation is more appropriate for this data and why. Assume population data. (5 points) [0,0,2,3,5,20] Range: 0 & 20 Standard Deviation: 6.93 The most appropriate measure for this data would be standard deviation. The reason for this is because range just gives us the difference between the minimum and maximum values, but it can also alert you to outliers. On the other hand, standard deviation can consider the dispersion of all values from the mean. This will give us a better measure of the variation of the data then if we were using range instead. 4. Find the standard deviation for the following data. If you are able to find the standard deviation without performing any computation, explain how. (5 points) [2534,2534,2534,2534,2534]

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