LifespanDevTest3

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PSY 2020 Lifespan Development UNIT TEST 3 Chapters 5 & 6 Name ______Christal Carstarphen_________________________ Date 11/08/2022__________________ Instructions : There is one (1) section to this exam- Short-Answer Essay . Please read each question carefully as well as the instructions. Good Luck. Short-Answer Essays. Please respond to the following essay questions in short-answer format by typing in your response in a c o l o r you choose, other than black. You are required to answer 25 of the 31 questions. Each question is worth 1 point. (Total points = 25) You are required to answer 13 of the 16 questions 1. What are the key characteristics of physical growth and nutrition during early childhood? During this stage of life, children grow about 3 inches in height and 4-5 pounds yearly. During this stage children begin to lose “baby fat” and their body proportions begin to resemble that of adults. Adequate nutrition is imperative for children to reach these growth milestones. 2. What are the nutrition concerns during early childhood? One concern during this time is childhood obesity. According to the CDC 1 in 5 children during this stage are overweight or obese. Caregivers have to set feeding habits and taste preferences for their children. It is important to get them accustomed to a diverse, healthy diet as opposed to a high calorie diet with low nutritional value 3. How does the brain change during early childhood? By the age of to the brain is about 75% of its adult size, that increased to 95% by age 6/7. During this stage the brain goes through myelination and synaptic pruning, increasing the speed and complexity of the neural processes. Development of the prefrontal cortex during this stage helps children to better control emotions and impulses. 4. What are some examples of gross and fine motor skill development in early childhood? Some examples of gross motor skills include: kicking a ball without losing balance, riding with better coordination, and overall improved balance. Some examples of fine motor skills include: the ability to turn 1

PSY 2020 Lifespan Development a knob or a page off a book, and the ability to put on simple clothing without assistance 5. What characterizes Piaget’s preoperational stage of development? 6. What are some limitations in early childhood thinking, including animism, egocentrism, and conservation errors? Egocentrism is the tendency of young children to think that everyone sees things in the same way as they do. Animism is the belief that inanimate objects are capable of actions and emotions with lifelike qualities. Artificialism is the belief that environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions or interventions. Conservation is the awareness that altering a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties. At this stage children do not have a concept of conservation and instead exhibit centration. Centration is the act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation while disregarding all others. 7. What is the theory of mind? The theory of the mind states that the mind holds a persons beliefs, desires, emotions and intentions. This refers to one’s capacity to understand others. 8. What happens in language development and what is the importance of language in early childhood? The process of fast mapping quickly grows a child’s vocabulary during early childhood. The vocabulary grows from about 200 words at age 2, to over 10,000 at age 6. Words are learned easily by making connections to previously learned words and concepts. 9. What is included in Vygotsky’s model, including the zone of proximal development Vygotsky argued that cognitive development is facilitated by social interactions with adults and more advanced peers. Without this a child would be unable to advance past their own personal discoveries. The zone of proximity occurs when we children are given the proper assistance to complete a task that they are nearly able to complete alone. 10. How does self-concept develop? As we grow cognitively and socially e we develop a sense of self, a self concept. Self concept can be described as idea of who we are, what we are capable of doing, and how we think and feel. An important part of 2

PSY 2020 Lifespan Development self concept is how we are seen to others, and how they respond to us. Because of that social interaction is critical to developing our self concept. 11. What are the key criteria of Freud’s psychodynamic theory as it applies to early childhood? 12. How does Erikson’s psychosocial theory apply to early childhood? 13. What does gender identity development look like in early childhood? By around the age of two children are aware of gender and begin categorizing objects and activities based on their perceived gender identity. By the age of 4-5 children are entrenched in what is considered gender appropriate culturally. This shapes interests, behaviors, expectations etc. This is called a rigid period of gender identity, as children during this stage are unable to think about gender abstractly . 14. How does different parenting styles impact children’s development Authoritative: appropriately strict, reasonable and affectionate. Often created well rounded, well adjusted children. Authoritarian: unreasonable expectations, distant, aloof. Rather than respect their parents their children often fear them. Lack of discussion and negotiation leads children to take out frustration on more vulnerable targets. Permissive: friend rather than authoritative figure, little structure, autonomy. These children may lack self discipline and boundaries creating insecurities. Uninvolved: disengaged, non- responsive. These children may struggle in school and with making relationships with their peers 15. How do principles of operant conditioning apply to parenting and behavior modification? Parents often use operant conditioning to modify their children’s behavior. The goal of positive reinforcement is to increase the likelihood of this desires behavior in the future. For example rewarding children praise and positive word for completing chores. It is important that whatever the reward does doesn’t undermine the intrinsic motivation for the desired behavior. Negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment are also tools in operant conditioning to modify behavior, however positive reinforcement is the most effective. 16. What are some of the concerns about childhood stress and trauma? While normal stress can be positive for the development of coping skills, excessive or prolonged stress can be harmful. Stress can have negative neurobiological effects when cortisol levels exceed normal 3

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