child development written assignment

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Sandhu 1 Written Assignment Sehjot Sandhu University of Windsor PSYC 2230: Developmental Psychology: The Child Phillip Ricciardi June 17th 2022

Sandhu 2 6. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of assisted reproduction methods such as in vitro fertilization, surrogate parenting, and egg donation. Are these techniques changing our definition of ‘parenting’ and ‘environment’. Answer: Theoretically, a child can have up to five individuals with the status of a parent, a surrogate, the two biological donors, and the individuals that will raise the child. While the surrogate and gamete donors, biologically have rights over the child, the environment and people who raise the child also have the same responsibility if not more. Assisted reproduction methods such as vitro fertilization, surrogate parenting, and egg donation are techniques that aid in the initiation and development of the. Allowing for even those that have trouble conceiving or cannot conceive (older women, those with blocked fallopian tubes, male infertility, etc.). These techniques remove the need for heterosexual intercourse, dismissing the concern of STIs. Vitro Fertilization or IVF offers its own benefits through the lower risk of miscarriage and higher chances of conception as many eggs are harvested for the procedure. While IVF uses gametes from the biological parents, donors offer the possibility of healthier genetics for parents with genetic problems such as autosomal dominant Huntington's disease. Surrogate mothers gestate the fertilized egg as a substitute for mothers that cannot. Whilst offering to take on the hardships of carrying the pregnancy to term for biological mothers that do not wish to go through the process, either in fear of the process or the effect pregnancy will have on their career, personal life, etc. While these techniques do allow for easier conception and alternatives for infertility there is no guaranteed success. Fertilized eggs can fail to implant within the uterus wall in Vitro Fertilization, and it is an expensive process. Within donors, there can be underlying genetic issues or failure to fertilize. 8. Review the four principles of how teratogens affect development that were discussed earlier in chapter 4. Explain how these principles are related to the principles of reaction range and gene-environment reactions. Answer: Teratogens affect prenatal development to different degrees depending on developmental stage, genetic susceptibility, mechanism of the teratogen, and dose/amount of exposure to teratogens. Different teratogens result in different deficits within the newborn, diseases like AIDS can result in neurological disorders while smoking can cause sudden infant deaths syndrome. Smoking before pregnancy can cause ectopic pregnancy or even infertility. The reaction range determines the boundaries set by an individual's genotype on what they can tolerate within their environment. Further influencing the environment which in turn influences the expression of our genes, the phenotype. Reaction range would determine to what extent the teratogen will affect prenatal development while gene-environment reaction determines the phenotypic outcome of exposure to teratogens. The phenotypic outcome determines whether exposure to teratogens was partial or complete penetration.. The degree of penetration, an environmental factor, can be attributed to the reaction range of the genotype.

Sandhu 3 11. How does an infant’s or child’s temperament (module 7.4) affect the development of attachments (module 7.2) and the development of social behavior? Give several examples of your own to demonstrate the interactions between the various factors discussed in chapter 7 and beyond. Answer: An infant's temperament is attributed to its style of behavior and persistent mood affected by the infant's emotionality, activity, and sociability. While the parent's involvement and caregiving can affect the infant's attachment style, the infant’s temperament, in turn, influences the parent’s willingness to participate in the infant's life. Thus affecting the quality of attachment between parent and infant. Quality of care does not disrupt the natural course of attachment but the quality of parenting affects the potential attachment style. Infants that are emotionally reactive often do not respond well to physical play, which can lead to fussiness and misinterpretation on the parent's end. Infants with difficult temperaments often fuss and are hard to console coupled with rigid mothers that fail to adjust to the demands of their babies. Showing annoyance, and misinterpreting the infant's demands results in infants that are more likely to develop insecure attachment styles. Such privation results in infants being conditioned to be less trusting due to their view of relationships as frustrating and inconsistent. Consistency and predictable care from parents instill trust within infants, an indication of secure attachment. Secure attachment promotes trust resulting in self-assured social interactions. Attachment quality affects brain development, social behavior, and basic neural systems. Through privation/inconsistent care the lack of secure attachment attributes to lower emotional health, dissatisfaction, cognitive deficits, and disordered attachment behaviors. The impact of residential schools as an early institutional privation after being stripped from their parents had their attachment disrupted. Affects their internal working models, in turn leading to an intergenerational effect. Their own children suffer due to their attachment and parenting deficiencies. Residential schools within Canada have left a legacy of trauma and psychosocial effects upon indigenous families that suffer to this day. 16. Consider the parenting style in your culture group. How would you characterize it, using the classification in Module 10.2? What was the primary cultural influence on your parents’ style when you were growing up: that of mainstream society (the macroculture) or that of a specific cultural group. Do you know that your parenting style will differ from that of your parents? Answer: There are four parenting styles that are weighed within the two dimensions of warmth and control: authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent-permissive, and indifferent-involvement

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