cf_counseling_theories_overview (2)

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Dec 6, 2023

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Counseling Theories Overview This list can be used as a quick reminder of the theories you are learning about. It also introduces some other theories that are not covered in the course. It gives a brief overview of the many theories that have evolved into therapies and that continue to evolve. The list is not exhaustive. There are other subtheories and types of therapy. Use this list as a reminder of what you have studied, or as a prompt for theories and therapies you may want to explore further as you create your assignments in this course. Schools of Thought and Main Theories Theorists Subtheories Main Ideas (Tenets of theories) Psychodynamic Sigmund Freud Alfred Adler Carl Jung Psychoanalytic Individual psychology Analytical psychology All psychodynamic theories are insight oriented and focus on how early experiences, emotional factors, and subconscious factors play a role in a person's development and functioning throughout life. Concepts are id, ego, and superego, defense mechanisms, and unconscious, preconscious, and conscious. Role of inferiority complex in personality development. Focus is on overcoming inferiority and creating belongingness. The collective unconscious gives meaning to shared experiences across people and cultures. Archetypes represent the conscious (shadow, 1
Schools of Thought and Main Theories Theorists Subtheories Main Ideas (Tenets of theories) D.W. Winnicott John Bowlby / Mary Ainsworth Object-relations Attachment anima/animus, persona, and self). The psyche develops in relationship to caregivers. The relationships are internalized to shape personality. Focus is on infant and toddler bonding to a primary caregiver. Attachment styles develop as a result of the quality of attachment bond. Attachment styles are: secure and insecure. Insecure is subdivided by anxious-ambivalent, avoidant and disorganized. Humanistic Carl Rodgers Person-centered The premise is that people have the potential for self-understanding and the ability to solve their own problems. The therapist seeks to draw out the client's ability to solve problems through warmth, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. Gestalt Fritz Perls Gestalt Focus is on the context of a person's full experiences, and how people behave in the present moment rather than why they behave as they do. 2
Schools of Thought and Main Theories Theorists Subtheories Main Ideas (Tenets of theories) Existential Rollo May Viktor Frankl Irvin Yalom Existential Focus is on the meaning of life and facilitating change through insight, self-determination, and wisdom. Behavioral, B.F. Skinner Behavioral Based in science and Cognitive, and uses a systematic Cognitive- approach to counseling Behavioral based on behaviorism. Operant conditioning is based on positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. Functional assessments are conducted, behaviors are operationally defined, and behavior plans are implemented. Albert Ellis Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) Is directive and focus is on changing irrational beliefs. Concepts are ABC: antecedents, beliefs, and consequences. Based on choice and William Glasser / Robert Wubbolding Reality therapy personal responsibility. Changes come through coaching clients to make better choices. Focus is on distortions in Aaron Beck / Judith Beck Cognitive therapy (CT) thinking. Is insight- focused and includes psychoeducation. Therapist helps clients to identify misconceptions in thinking and experiment with new behaviors. 3
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