Check Your Understanding_ Worksheet 7 (topics 14 through 16)

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PSY 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY- Fall 2023 Check Your Understanding Lecture Questions: Worksheet 7 Answer all of the questions below–feel free to be creative in your answers: if an outline or diagram is more helpful for you, then feel free to do that instead of just typing words. Remember the quizzes are open notes, so it is helpful to think about this worksheet as a study guide you are creating for yourself to use when you are taking the quiz. Refer back to the lectures and readings to answer these questions. Please come with questions that you may have about the Check Your Understanding Lecture Questions during office hours or discussion sections. These are for you to promote your learning and are graded on submission and not on accuracy. Topic 14: Personality 1. What is personality? 2. What is factor analysis? Why is it important in the psychological science of personality? 3. What are the ‘big five’ personality traits? 4. What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins? 5. How are studies of twins with different degrees of genetic similarity used to infer the contribution of genes and environments to variation in personality across a population? 6. If home environments don’t make identical twins more similar than they are because of genetics, does this mean that home environments play no role in shaping personality? If not, what are some ways that personality may be affected by home environments? 7. Do genes solely determine personality? What do cross fostering experiments with rhesus macaque monkeys tell us about the interactions between genes and environment? 8. What are three main critiques of the trait approach to personality? 9. Have neuroscientists learned anything in their search for the brain basis of different personality traits? 10. What is ‘locus of control’? Describe two ways that a person’s sense of control might influence their beliefs in a controlling God and in conspiracy theories. Topic 15: Psychological Disorders and Treatment 1. What are psychological disorders? How are symptoms distinguished from typical variation in human behavior or behavior that is merely at odds with societal norms? 2. How do clinicians go about clinical assessment using the DSM?

3. What are some benefits and costs of clinical diagnosis with a psychological disorder? How do neurodiversity approaches differ from the ‘medical model’ of psychological disorders? 4. What two main factors combine to affect whether someone might manifest a psychological disorder 5. What are some biological and psychological risk factors for anxiety disorders? 6. What are some biological and psychological risk factors for mood disorders? 7. How do social factors affect the likelihood of a person manifesting a psychological disorder? 8. How are the principles of learning used in behavioral treatments of anxiety disorders? How are cognitive approaches used in the treatment of mood disorders? What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy? 9. Why is it so difficult to know whether treatments for psychological disorders are effective or not? 10. Do treatments for Psychological Disorders work? Which ones are best? Topic 16: Case study, The Autism Spectrum 1. What do we mean when we say that autism is a spectrum syndrome? 2. What is the ‘triad of impairments’ in autism, and how is that early characterization of autism captured in the most recent diagnostic criteria? 3. At what age are children typically diagnosed on the autism spectrum? Why has it become easier to identify autism earlier? 4. There appear to be more boys and men diagnosed on the autism spectrum than girls and women. How is the sex ratio affected by the so-called ‘level of functioning’ of the diagnosis? 5. What are a couple reasons why the rates of diagnosis of autism spectrum conditions have been rising? 6. What kinds of causes dominated early approaches to autism? How have behavioral genetics and other neuroscience approaches changed this understanding? Does vaccination cause autism? 7. What evidence is there that some symptoms of autism may be related to the functioning of processes involved in understanding the goals and intentions of others? 8. There are also areas of function that appear to be elevated in autism compared to non diagnosed individuals. Give one example of such an ability. 9. What affects the prospects for intervention for individuals on the spectrum who seek help for the condition? 10. What are ‘pivotal’ abilities and what is their role in autism interventions?

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