Week 1 assignment (1)

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WEEK 1 ASSIGNMENT 1.1 What are the three domains of development and their areas of focus? The three domains of development are physical, cognitive and social and emotional domains. The physical domain involves the weight and height, motor skills, sensory capabilities, their nervous system and any disease or illness. The cognitive domain is their intelligence, wisdom, memory, language or problem solving skills. The emotional and social domain is their emotions, self perception, and their relationship with the people around them. 1.2 What are the five periods of development? The five periods of development are prenatal development, infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. 1.3 Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. The three basic issues on child development are nature and nurture, continuity versus discontinuity, and active versus passive. Nature and nurture focuses on why people are the way they are and if it's a direct result of heredity or their environment. Continuity versus discontinuity questions if human development is a slow, gradual process or does change happen abruptly and quickly. Active versus passive debates how much of a role you play in your own development. 1.4 Describe research methods commonly used to study children. The common research methods that are used to study children are experiments, observational studies, surveys, case studies, developmental designs, longitudinal research, cross-sectional research and sequential research. 1.5 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting strengths and limitations of each. Correlational research designs can determine whether or not there is a connection between two or more variables while experimental research designs explore if there is a relationship by testing a hypothesis in a controlled environment to find cause and effect. 1.6 Describe designs for studying development, noting strengths and limitations of each. Longitudinal is a research design and the advantages are examining changes with a person and a disadvantage is that it is expensive, takes a long time, and can't examine cohort effects. Cross-sectional is another research design and the advantages are examining the changes at the different ages; the disadvantages are it cannot examine change over time and cohort

effects. Sequential is the other research design, where it examines changes between people at different ages at the same time; the disadvantage is that it is expensive. 1.7 What is a theory? A theory helps to guide people of any research findings and is developing through cases and ideas. 1.4 Name and describe Freud's theory of self (hint, there are three of them) There are three parts of the self, which are the id, the ego and the superego. The id is the part of the person that is inborn. This would be any biological urges and by pleasure. The ego is the interaction with people and guided by logical terms and principles. The superego is the society’s demands for the people. There are values, morals, and guilt. 1.5 Name and describe Freud's Psychosexual theory. For Freud’s psychosexual theory, there are five stages. The first stage is the oral stage, which is the stage that goes from birth to the age of two. Everything is focused on the mouth and reflex of sucking. The second stage is the anal stage, which is when the ego is starting to develop. This involves potty training or learning any biological urges. The third stage is the phallic stage, which happens during early childhood and is when the superego is being developed. The fourth stage is the latency stage, which happens during middle childhood. This is when a child quiets down or friendships are being focused. This is also when children learn to work with others. The last stage is the genital stage, which is when puberty happens and happens throughout adulthood. There is sex and reproduction that involves with this stage. 1.6 Name and describe Erikson's psychosocial theory. The first stage is the trust versus mistrust, at ages 0 to 1, which is when infants need their basic needs met. The second stage is autonomy versus shame and doubt, at ages 1 to 2, which is when toddlers have the freedom to move around by themselves. The third stage is the initiative versus guilt, at ages 3 to 5, which is when preschoolers do things by themselves. Industry versus inferiority happens between ages 6 to 11, where school children compare themselves with their classmates and accomplishments. Identity versus role confusion happens during adolescence, when teenagers try to find their identity. Intimacy versus isolation happens during young adulthood, where people in their 20s and 30s have long term relationships. Generativity versus stagnation happens during middle adulthood where they focus on being productive at work and home. Lastly, integrity and despair happens late adulthood where adults look back on their lives and see if they have lived well. 1.7 Explain Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning is a learning process that involves two stimuli and two responses.

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