MN661 Unit4 Assignment

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1 Foundational Theories of Human Development Paper Purdue University MN661

2 Foundational Theories of Human Development Paper Introduction Many ideas have been established by researchers to explain the idea of human development. Scholars such as Freud, Erikson, Adler, and Mahler have made substantial contributions to our knowledge of human development and mental processes. It is evident that different theorists express differing viewpoints and concepts in their theories, as well as having diverse perspectives on human growth. There are some discrepancies amongst the theories, but there are also some similarities. This essay compares the developmental theories of Freud, Mahler, Adler, and Erikson in order to show how the Adlerian approach can be used in group counseling, what psychoanalytic concepts are useful in my work, and how crucial it is to comprehend the developmental theories. Comparison of Freud and Erikson The psychosexual development theory was created by Sigmund Freud. This notion holds that parents are crucial in controlling their children's sexual urge. The id, ego, and superego are the three components of personality that Freud also depicts. In addition, Freud's theory depicts five stages of growth. According to Gumiandari & Nafi'a (2019), there are five stages: oral (o-1 year), anal (1-3 years), phallic (3-6 years), latency (6-12 years), and genital (12 and above years). To improve the effectiveness of human development, each step must be completed successfully. He made the argument that parents are essential to promoting healthy development at every level. Erik Erikson, on the other hand, altered Freud's theory and created an eight-stage psychosocial theory. The stages include trust vs mistrust (0-1 year), autonomy vs shame (1-3 years), initiative vs guilt (3-6 years), industry vs inferiority (6-12 years), identity vs role

3 confusion (12-18 years), intimacy vs isolation (the 20s to early 40s), generativity vs stagnation (40s to mid-60s), and integrity vs despair, from mid-60s to end of life (Maree, 2021). Erikson stated that the need to attain competency is a critical factor that motivates individuals. Moreover, Erikson also pointed out the cultural influence on human development. The theories proposed by Freud and Erikson differ and are similar at the same time. For example, they both stress how a person's personality changes throughout time. Human development happens in phases in both situations. Moreover, unconscious influences on human development are recognized and identified by Freud and Erikson. The two models do, however, differ in that they designated the various stages of development with different names. Furthermore, the developmental problems in Freud's and Erikson's models vary at each stage. They also demonstrate variations in the forces influencing human growth (Maree, 2021) Erikson's paradigm extends into maturity, whereas Freud's theory stops at a certain point in early development. Erikson's model appears to be more thorough. Erikson suggested that personality formation occurs throughout the lifespan, in contrast to Freud's view that personality is solely formed during childhood. Erikson proposed that our concept of self, or what he called the ego identity, is influenced by the way we interact with others. “A major difference between Erikson and Freud might be that Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized psychosocial development” (Maree, 2021). Comparison of Adler and Mahler Alfred Adler created a hypothesis that contends that everyone has feelings of inadequacy. Thus, Alfred Adler postulated that people constantly aim to be better than others, and that this drive is what governs people's actions, ideas, and feelings. For example, some people might

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