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Bhimanapalli 1 Name: Hima Bhimanapalli Date: 3/17/2024 Reinforcement: Negative Reinforcement Professor Southwick Foundations of Learning and Behavior Analysis Questions Week 7 Reinforcement: Negative Reinforcement Directions: Answer each question in complete sentences. Page numbers are provided. 1. Negative reinforcer (105) a. Define it: A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that increases the future frequency of a response that its removal (termination) follows. 2. Give an example of: (106) a. A negative reinforcer that is harmful to you: Example of a negative reinforcer that is harmful to you is high/low temperatures or loud sounds. b. A harmful stimulus that is not a negative reinforcer: An example of a harmful stimulus that is not a negative reinforcer is processed sugar. c. A negative reinforcer that is not harmful: An example of a negative reinforcer that is not harmful is exercise or flossing our teeth. 3. Negative reinforcement principle: (107) a. Define it: Negative reinforcement principle is when a response becomes more likely if it has removed or reduced a negative reinforcer in the past. 4. Negative reinforcement contingency (107-108) a. Define it: Negative reinforcement contingency is when the response-contingent removal of a negative reinforcer resulting in an increased frequency of that response. b. Provide an example: An example from the book is when you wake up very groggy and press the snooze button on your alarm that is going off.

Bhimanapalli 1 5. Give an example of an unacceptable behavior maintained by a negative reinforcement contingency. Show how you might get rid of the bad behavior by substituting a more acceptable alternative response. (108-109) a. What is the unacceptable behavior? The unacceptable behavior is the example provided in the book is Grace cursing due to her Tourette syndrome. b. What is the negative reinforcer? The negative reinforcer is her loud, noisy relatives. Because they were noisy, she started to have her Tourette attacks which allowed her to escape the negative reinforcer. c. What do you think would be the undesirable outcome of that behavior? The undesirable outcome of this behavior is that the responses she did disrupted her life and humiliated her. d. What is the acceptable alternative response? An acceptable alternative response could be Grace can ask her family to be a little less noisy so that she does not get overwhelmed and have a Tourette attack. e. What is the role of awareness in all this? The role of awareness in this example provided is that Grace most likely was not even aware of the contingency between her Tourette episodes and her escape from the negative reinforcer. 6. Compare and contrast positive and negative reinforcement (112-113): (ways they are the) Same (ways they are) Different Positive reinforcement  Positive reinforcements affect an organism’s behavior.  The frequency of a behavior an organism is doing increases.  A stimulus is introduced or added to reinforce the behavior wanted. Negative reinforcement  Negative reinforcements affect an organism’s behavior.  A stimulus is removed to reinforce the behavior wanted.

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