Chapter 3 Assignment-4

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Eva Bellocchio Chapter 3 Assignment Chapter 3 Videos: Use the videos and your textbook to answer the questions. Read the associated chapters first. 1. Babies have many reflexes. Describe 3 of the reflexes: why do we have it, how do you stimulate it, what does a normal reflex look like, when does it disappear (if known)? When explaining WHY, put on your evolutionary psychology hat! a. Reflex 1+explain: Palmer grasp reflex: when placing a finger or stroking the inside of the infant’s palm, the hand will close around it. This disappears around 4-6 months of age because as the baby develops, voluntary movements replace involuntary reflexes. b. Reflex 2+explain: Moro reflex/startle reflex: Happens when the bay hears an unexpected noise or feels an unexpected movement (laying them down where their head is lower than their body) The infant will throw out their arms, hands extended, and the palms will be upward. They may even cry Disappears round 6 months of age because as your baby’s brain matures, the central nervous system replaces the involuntary newborn reflexes with voluntary movements. c. Reflex 3+explain: Rooting reflex: when the infant’s cheek or side of mouth is stroked the head will turn towards it, and the infant’s mouth will open in an attempt to suck. This helps the baby find the food source when feeding. Disappears around 4 months of age because as the frontal lobe of your baby’s brain develops, it replaces your baby newborn reflexes with voluntary actions. Your baby won’t have to search for a nipple anymore because they know they’ll have a chance to eat regularly.

2. Explain what each part of a neuron does. Describe the process of neural communication. Which part of the neuron might be damaged in the case of a movement disorder like MS? a. Dendrites: - Structures extending from the left side of neuron. - The area where neurons receive most of their information. - There are receptors on dendrites that are designed to pick up signals from other neurons that come in the form of chemicals called “neurotransmitters.” - These signals cause electrical change sin a neuron that are interpreted in an area called the “soma”/cell body. b. Axon and Axon Hillock: - If the signal coming from the dendrites is strong enough, then a signal is sent to the next part of the neuron, the Axon. - At this point, the signal is called an “action potential” these travels down the axon c. Axon terminal: - Also known as synaptic buttons - When the signal reaches the axon terminals, it causes the release of neurotransmitters. - When a neurotransmitter is released from axon terminals, it interacts with receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron, and then the process repeats for the next neuron. d. Synapse: - The place where neurons connect and communicate with each other. - Each neuron has between a few to hundreds of thousands of synaptic connections, connecting between itself, neighboring neurons, or neurons in other regions of the brain. e. Cell body/Soma: - Contains the nucleus which contains the DNA or genetic material of a cell. - Takes all the information from the dendrites and puts it in an area called the “axon hillock.” f. Myelin Sheath: - Covers the axon. - An insulator material that helps prevent the signal from degrading. g. Neural Communication process: - 4 step process - The reception of the signal by the sense organs - Neural transmission to and fro from a neuron to another neuron or muscles or glands - Integration of the information from the signal - Action or response to the generated stimulus

h. MS part: MS causes damage to the myelin sheath. When the nerve covering is damaged, the nerve signals slow or stop. CHOOSE EITHER QUESTION 3 OR QUESTION 4 TO COMPLETE. LEAVE THE OTHER BLANK i. Read over the cochlear implant article and watch the cochlear implant video. Explain two pros and two cons of the cochlear implant controversy as discussed in the article or video. Explain what neuroplasticity is (watch neuroplasticity video). Now imagine someone who has never had the perception of audition before, and begins to receive signals from a brand-new cochlear implant: how would neuroplasticity be involved in that situation? Think about a question that came up for you and try to find the answer to it. Provide a link to your source, rate its credibility, and justify that rating using the same procedure as you did with the Chapter 2 assigned articles. a. Two pros: 1. Most people will be able to perceive soft, medium, and loud sounds ranging from the rustles of leaves to a barking dog to the sounds of fireworks. 2. Some people can make phone calls without assistive devices or watch television without having to rely on closed captions. b. Two cons: 1. Bleeding 2. Facial paralysis c. Neuroplasticity definition: The brains ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life by recognizing its structure, functions, or connections after injuries, or learning and experience. d. Neuroplasticity with implant: If a person begins to receive signals form a cochlear implant, neuroplasticity in the brain would quickly reform its connections to accommodate the new way of life provided by the implant. e. Your question + answer: Question: what is the surgical process of implanting a cochlear implant? Answer: the surgeon makes a small incision behind the ear and then creates an opening in the mastoid bone to guide the electrode to the cochlea. The implant electrodes are placed inside the cochlea. The surgeon places an internal processor in a pocket between the muscle and bone behind the ear.

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