Psy 202 Conceptual Assignment 5s

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SP24 Psy 202 Sections 4 & 5 Conceptual Assignment 5 1. Why do we need inferential statistics? We need inferential statistics to be able to make conclusions about a population. How does probability theory help us to make inferences? Probability theory provides a framework and helps to calculate different outcomes. With proba- bility theory we are able to make predictions on observed data. How does probability differ from statistics? Probability is the understanding of the likelihood of different outcomes, whereas statistics is ap- plied to real world data. 2. Explain the frequentist view of probability. The frequentist view of probability is the repetition of trials that calculates probabilities due to observed frequencies from those trials. How does the Bayesian view of probability differ from the frequentist view? The Bayesian view is different because it uses prior beliefs. It uses probability as a measure of subjective belief. On which of these two views are most of our analyses based? Frequentist view 3. Define an elementary event. Elementary event is when only one possible outcome satisfies a given condition. How do sample spaces relate to elementary events? Elementary events outcomes make up sample space How do non-elementary events relate to elementary events? They relate because they all satisfy a given condition. 4. If an elementary event has a probability of 0, what does that mean? Cannot occur If an elementary event has a probability of 1, what does that mean? Is going to occur

According to the law of total probability, what should the probabilities in a probability distribution sum to? One 5. When calculating probabilities for non-elementary events, what is P (A ∪ B)? The probability that event A or B will occur . What is P (A∩B)? This is when both events A and B will occur together. 6. Why do we need to subtract P (A∩B) when calculating P (A ∪ B)? We do this so that the probability isn’t being counted twice When do we not need to perform that subtraction? We don’t need to perform the subtraction when they can’t occur at the same time. In the formula for P (A∩B), what is P (A|B)? It is the measurement of the probability of event A occurring, into the fact that event B has al- ready occurred. It uses the information from event B. When can we reduce P (A|B) to just P (A)? When they are independent. 7. Define a random variable. A variable that has different values with specific probabilities in a set of outcomes. 8. What are the five characteristics of Bernoulli trials (A.K.A. binomial trials)? 1. There are only two mutually exclusive outcomes 2. All are independent 3. The probability of success remains constant on a single trial 4. The random variable which is (x) is the # of successes of N trials 5. Specified # of trials In a binomial distribution, what does the size parameter ( N ) refer to? Number of trials In a binomial distribution, what does the success probability ( ϴ ) refer to? Probability of success in a single trial 9. What does it mean for scores to be normally distributed? Majority of the scores cluster around the mean

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