feb 2022_Theorists Graphic Organizer

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EAR20: Child Development MODULE 2 ASSIGNMENT Developmental Theory Graphic Organizer Psychoanalytical Theorists Constructivism Theorists Behaviorism Theorists Theorist ---------------- Elements Erikson Freud Piaget Vygotsky Skinner Pavlov Main Theory (pick 1-2) Psychological Developmental Theory Psychoanalytic Theory Cognitive Developmental Theory -Sociocultural Theory -Sociocultural Theory Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning How are children motivated? In the trust vs mistrust, infants are motivated by their basic needs for care and comfort. In the autonomy vs shame and doubt toddlers are motivated by the desire for independence and autonomy. During childhood, personality is acquired and developed during childhood. Children are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain, driven by basic biological and psychological needs. According to Piaget, children have an intrinsic motivation to explore and understand their environment. This curiosity drives their engagement in various activities as they actively seek to make sense of the world around them. He introduced the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development. In this zone, children are motivated to engage in activities that are challenging but achievable with assistance. Motivation is derived from the desire to reach the next level of cognitive development with the help of more knowledgeable individuals, such as teachers or peers. Reinforcement involves the presentation of a stimulus that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior. For children, reinforcement can be used to motivate and encourage specific behaviors Children may be motivated to engage in certain activities or behaviors if those activities are associated with pleasurable or rewarding experiences. What role do children play in the learning process? In autonomy vs shame and doubt, children in this stage are motivated by the desire for Freud introduced the concept of defense mechanisms, which are unconscious Children progress through these stages by actively engaging with the environment and . Children actively engage in tasks within their Zone of Proximal Development where they are Children learn through the consequences of their actions. If a behavior is followed by a reinforcing In classical conditioning, individuals are often considered passive learners because the 1 SP22

EAR20: Child Development MODULE 2 ASSIGNMENT Developmental Theory Graphic Organizer independence. In initiative vs. guilt, preschoolers have a natural inclination to initiate activities through play and social interactions to learn about their capabilities and develop a sense of purpose. strategies individuals use to cope with anxiety and conflicts. Children may employ defense mechanisms in response to challenging learning situations, potentially affecting their ability to approach new tasks, retain information, or interact with peers and teachers. adapting their thinking to new challenges. challenged but can still benefit from guidance and support. consequence, the likelihood of that behavior occurring again increases. On the other hand, if a behavior is followed by a punishing consequence, the likelihood of that behavior decreases. learning occurs through the pairing of stimuli without direct involvement or intentional action from the learner. Children, like other organisms, can passively form associations between stimuli and responses. Name steps/stages of development -trust vs. mistrust -autonomy vs shame and doubt -initiative vs guilt -industry vs. inferiority -identity vs isolation -generativity vs stagnation -integrity vs. despair -oral stage -anal stage -phallic stage -latency stage -genital stage -sensorimotor stage -preoperational stage -concrete operational stage -formal operational stage There are no specific stages; However he did introduce the idea of the Zone of Proximal Development which is central to his theory. It represents the range of tasks that a learner can perform with the help of a more knowledgeable person, such as a teacher, peer, or adult. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning does not outline specific stages of development as some other theories do. Instead of focusing on developmental stages, Skinner's theory emphasizes the learning of behaviors through the principles of reinforcement and punishment within an individual's environment using operant conditioning Pavlov's classical conditioning theory does not explicitly propose specific stages of development in the same way that some other theories, like Piaget's cognitive development theory does. -Acquisition -Extinction -Spontaneous recovery -generalized and discrimination 2 SP22

EAR20: Child Development MODULE 2 ASSIGNMENT Developmental Theory Graphic Organizer Example of Practical Use In the initiative vs. guilt, A 4- year-old named Emily attends preschool. During free playtime, she decides to build a tower using blocks. She's excited about her creation and shows it to her teacher, seeking approval. The teacher praises her efforts, reinforcing Emily's sense of initiative and competence. A person who experiences chronic anxiety but is unsure of its root cause. In a psychodynamic therapy session, the therapist might explore Sarah's early life experiences, relationships, and unconscious conflicts that could contribute to her anxiety. A child may be motivated to explore a new toy or experiment with different objects out of a natural curiosity about how things work. Students getting introduced a new math concept, are given individual tasks to solve simple algebraic equations, solving more complex algebraic equations together, the group of students who are struggling are given guidance and support to help the students which helps the students gain a better understanding of solving more complex algebraic equations. If a child completes their homework (behavior) and receives praise from a teacher or parent (positive reinforcement), the likelihood of the child continuing to complete their homework may increase. If a child associates studying with positive outcomes (good grades, praise, parental approval), the child may be motivated to study more. 3 SP22

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