PSY 210 Assignment 1 Textbook Review Questions

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Psychology

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Jan 9, 2024

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This course content may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. You may download course materials for your own use, and upload into our Learning Management System. You may not and may not allow others to reproduce or distribute course materials publicly. Public distribution of course materials is in violation of DCCC Policy 2.4 Academic Honesty . =========================================================================================== PSY 210 Assignment 1 (135 pts total) Chapter 1 1) Match the 5 steps of the Scientific Method below to each description for this summarized study : 5 a) The objective of the Bundy et al (2023) study examined the specific association of Social Determinants of Health as mediators of racial and ethnic disparities in premature all-cause mortality in US adults. - b) Bundy et al (2023) found that Black and Hispanic adults had higher prevalence of negative Social Determinants of Health compared with White adults and that a dose–response association with premature mortality existed, with having six or more negative Social Determinants of Health increasing mortality by a factor of 7 compared with having no negative Social Determinants of Health. - c) Bundy et al (2023) over 10 survey cycles from 1999-2018 used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination along with ascertainment of death data for 48, 170 adults aged 20-74 years old. - d) Bundy et al (2023) provided the final edited manuscript titled “Social determinants of health and premature death among adults in the USA from 1999 to 2018: a national cohort study” to Lancet Public Health. - e) Bundy et al (2023) speculated whether the Social Determinants of Health framework adequately explained the patterns of disparate health outcomes. - 2) Identify below each argument as Nature or Nurture. 4 a) In #1, the argument that Social Determinants of Health are the driving factor in premature death is an argument of: - Nurture b) Even though children are bombarded with hetero-normative language, images, attitudes from parents, peers, and media, some grow up with same-sex attraction, showing that sexual orientation is largely driven by: - Nature c) Ramamurthy et al (2015) suggest time outdoors as a protective factor in childhood myopia (near-sightedness) due to intensity of light, chromaticity of daylight, and increased Vitamin D intake. - Nature d) In 1927 the Supreme Court ruled that States could sterilize inmates of public institutions including those with intellectual disabilities, preventing those who are “manifestly unfit from continuing their kind” and stating, “three generations of imbeciles are enough.” This deeply embedded eugenic belief aligns with: -Nature 3) Sentse et al (2011) found that parental separation related to increased externalizing problems for children low on effortful control , whereas it was only related to increased internalizing problems for children high on fearfulness . This would be an example of: 1 - This would be an example of Gene-Environment Interaction. 4) Identify (match) Critical Period or Sensitive Period. 4 a) Lenneberg (1967) argued that automatic first-language acquisition absolutely needed to occur between the ages of 2 and 14 years old to attain native-like fluency of language. - Sensitive period, an example given in the book is “If children do not communicate in their first language between ages 1 and 3, they might do so later (hence, not critical), but their grammar is often impaired (hence, sensitive)”.

b) Choi et al (2021) hypothesize that the lighting, vast spatial areas, optical refocusing of outdoor exposure increases healthy eye development and likely decreases myopia in childhood. This may suggest that eye development has a: - Critical period because it’s something that’s considered normal development. c) Lenneberg also proposed that second-language learning could occur after puberty, but only through deliberate, conscious effort and with little success at reaching native fluency. - This is also considered a sensitive period; in the book it states childhood is a sensitive period for learning to pronounce a second or third language. d) In the 1960’s Thalidomide was prescribed as a remedy for morning sickness. If taken between 24-36 days after conception, infants were born with malformed extremities. Such evidence shows that limb development has a: - Critical period, as stated in the book the time period for humans to grow arms and legs, hands and feet, fingers and toes, is between 28 and 54 days after conception. 5) Look at Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems model. Match which System: 3 a. Child A lives in a country that puts little national funding to schools instead relying on local funding via property tax/value and income, creating large disparities in education quality. This child’s development is being influenced by the large: - Macrosystem b. Child A does not have access to art, music because the school board cut programs due to limited funding. The child’s development is influenced by the school board decision which happens in the: - Exosystem c. Child A is learning math with outdated materials and technology. Child A’s immediate experience is the: - Microsystem 6) Parent A helps their child bake cupcakes. They give just enough help to measure flour, crack eggs, mix and stir, pour batter and prep the oven. They pronounce words, talk through steps and each describe how they feel when they smell the cakes baking waiting for the timer! Vygotsky would say “See, I told you that’s how development occurs.” Why? 3 - From book section: Theories of Human Development. For 7-17, match the theorist/theory to the example. 11 7) If your child is throwing a tantrum, you must ignore the tantrum and only praise calm behavior. Who would say this? - B.F Skinner 8) After children know how to add, then teach them to multiple by teaching it as “multiple additions”. They will easily create this new scheme . Who would say this? - Jean Piaget 9) Avoid harsh, hostile criticism of children’s effort and exploration when these activities end inconveniently for you; children at this stage are particularly sensitive to the crisis of guilt . Who would say this? - Erik Erikson 10) Your teenager lacks self-control because they lacked discipline earlier in childhood and are now fixated in the Anal Stage. Who would say this? - Sigmund Freud 11) Children who bully have parents who are hostile. The most direct explanation is through children’s observational and modeling skills . Who would say this?

- Albert Bandura 12) It is important to have a calm serene environment when feeding your infant so the infant associates feeding with relaxation . Who would say this? - John B. Watson 13) In order to stop your teen’s behavior, you must remove things they desire like phone access, driving, or socializing with peers. Who would say this? - B.F Skinner 14) Test anxiety is a learned response . Children associate the test with failure. Who would say this? - Albert Bandura 15) This theory is outdated due to its emphasis on male roles, long term impact of toilet learning, and mother as a love object: - Sigmund Freud 16) Preschoolers lack the ability to apply logical mental operations , but effectively engage in pretend, sociodramatic play. Who would say this? - Jean Piaget 17) Give your adolescent room to grow, they must differentiate themselves, try to stand out, measure up, and fit in; they are coming to terms with “Who am I? ”. Who would say this? - Erik Erikson 18) In Clark & Hatfield’s studies on sex differences in mating behavior, 60-70% of males agree to a request to have sex where 0% of females agreed to the request. A(n) __Evolutionary__ psychologist may say these mating/sexual behaviors developed in part because males have unlimited sperm and females have limited eggs.1 - (Evolutionary) 19) Identify below as Independent Variable (IV) OR Dependent Variable (DV):2 a) In education research, outcomes measures like GPA, Grades, SAT scores would be the: - Dependent variable (DV) b) In studies, Anger Management Programs or Social Skills Training Interventions would be the: - Independent variable (IV) c) In #1 above, premature all-cause mortality would be the: - Dependent variable (DV) d) In #4b above, outdoor exposure would be the: - Independent variable (IV) 20) Use your understanding of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal designs. 4 a) Olson et al (2022) in their article titled "Gender Identity 5 Years After Social Transition” examined the gender identities and retransitions of 317 transgender 8 year olds. At the conclusion of the study, the most common finding was for early transitioning transgender youth to continue to identify that way. This study is Longitudinal because it studied: - This study is longitudinal because it studied a group of the same subject over a period of time in this case it’s 5 years after social transition observing any meaningful changes.

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