Janie_Pinedo_PS350_Biological Psychology_Assignment_8 (1)

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1 Janie Pinedo Student ID# AC1111904 PS350 Biological Psychology Assignment 8- Sleep Stages, Types of Learning, Generalized Anxiety Disorder & Substance Abuse August 21, 2023 Part A Sleep Stages There are various stages of sleep that we go through. I am going to discuss two of them, slow- wave sleep, and REM sleep. Then I will discuss the brain activity that takes place during each stage and what an EEG recording looks like during these two stages. Slow-wave sleep is in the third stage of sleep. Slow-wave sleep usually kicks in about 15 minutes after falling asleep. During stage three, people have often reported that, upon waking up, they did not feel refreshed, regardless of how long they were asleep. Stage three is said to be the deepest stage of sleep. By this time, the only thing that will awaken the person are loud noises. If awoken, the person may act groggy and confused. During this stage of sleep the brain is signaled by low frequency and high-amplitude delta activity, an EEG recording for stage three will show low frequency, and high-amplitude of delta activity (less than 3.5Hz) (Carlson & Birkett, 2020). REM stands for rapid eye movement and is the fourth stage of sleep. REM usually occurs after being asleep for 90 minutes. In this stage of sleep there is rapid back and forth eye movement beneath closed eye lids and REM sleep dreams tend to have a narrative, story like progression of

2 events. During the REM stage an EEG suddenly becomes mostly desynchronized, with occasional occurrences of theta waves, very similar to the record obtained during stage 1 sleep (13–30 Hz) (Carlson & Birkett, 2020). Part B Types of Learning There are four basic types of learning: perceptual learning, stimulus-response learning, motor learning, and relational learning. I will describe two of them and give you a couple examples for each one. Perceptual learning is the ability to learn to distinguish stimuli that has been perceived previously. You may recognize something by their visual appearance, their smell, the feel of it, by the way it sounds, and even by the taste (Carlson & Birkett, 2020). For example: Something you ate made you sick. Next thing you know, you are nauseous and then suddenly you vomit. You taste the vomit, smell the vomit, and feel the vomit. Weeks later, your friend asks you to grab something from their car. You go to their car to grab whatever it is they asked you to grab. Upon opening the car door, you get in to look for whatever it is they asked for. Suddenly, this strong smell hits you and you recognize that smell and can identify the smell as vomit. You were able to identify the smell because weeks prior when you vomited, it was that same exact odor. Another example is: I had purchased this bright pink flat iron to straighten my hair. My two-year- old son was fascinated with the color of my flat iron. Every time I used it, he would attempt to grab it or touch it, I would tell him that it was hot, and shoo him away. One day I was doing my hair when my phone rang, and I went to go grab it. When I walked back from grabbing my phone, I arrived in time to see him drop the flat iron and say it was hot. From that day forward,

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