Chapter 20 - Bach Cantata

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Coastal Carolina University *

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Religion

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Oct 30, 2023

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MUSICAL SERMONS: BACH AND THE LUTHERAN CANTATA CHAPTER 19 – Moodle Chapter Quiz Required

The Lutheran Chorale and Cantata  A. Martin Luther 1. believed in congregational singing 2. professional musicians: singers and instrumentalists  B. Chorales: German hymn tunes 1. composed or recycled melodies, German poetry or Biblical passages 2. specific chorale integrated in weekly service 3. sung in unison by congregation 4. professional choir: four-part harmony  C. Cantata: multimovement work for soloists, chorus and orchestra 1. "musical sermon": elaboration of weekly chorale 2. related to Gospel reading of the day 3. integral part of church service 4. solo arias, recitatives, and chorus; orchestral

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750)  1. German composer, organ virtuoso; devout Lutheran 2. renowned, best-known during his lifetime as a performer 3. culminating figure of Baroque style 4. court positions: Weimar and Anhalt-Cöthen 5. 1723–1750 church position: St. Thomas Church, Leipzig 6. two marriages, nineteen children: four sons, leading composers 7. style: raised existing forms to highest level, master of contrapuntal composition 8. output: prolific in secular and sacred works, suites, concertos, sonatas, keyboard music, cantatas

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II. Bach and the Lutheran Cantata  B. 200 Bach cantatas survive  1. BACH COMPOSED FOUR OR FIVE YEARLY CYCLES  2. EACH CANTATA, FIVE TO EIGHT MOVEMENTS A. FIRST, MIDDLE, LAST MOVEMENTS BASED ON CHORALE TUNE: FULL ENSEMBLE  B. HYMNLIKE SETTINGS TO INTRICATE FUGUES  C. INTERSPERSED: SOLOS OR DUET ARIAS, RECITATIVES

Cantata No. 140 “Wachet auf” (Sleepers, Awake)  1. CANTATA IN SEVEN MOVEMENTS  2. TEXT: GOSPEL OF MATTHEW, PARABLE OF THE WISE AND FOOLISH VIRGINS A. LUTHERANS PREPARE SPIRITUALLY FOR CHRISTMAS  Bach composed this cantata to complete his second annual cycle of cantatas of 1724/25, a cycle planned to be of chorale cantatas 3. HYMN TUNE (CHORALE) BY PHILIPP NICOLAI  4. SAME HYMN SUNG IN UNISON BY CONGREGATION 5. CHORALE TUNE FEATURED IN THREE CHORAL MOVEMENTS

Cantata No. 140 “Wachet auf” (Sleepers, Awake)  Based on Philipp Nicola i's Lutheran hymn in three stanzas , " Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme ", which is based on the Gospel.  Published in Nicolai's FrewdenSpiegel deß ewigen Lebens (Mirror of Joy of the Life Everlasting) in 1599  Translated: “ Another [call] of the voice at midnight and of the wise maidens who meet their celestial Bridegroom “ from Matthew 25

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Listening Guide 8: Bach, Cantata No. 140, Wachet auf (Sleepers, Awake), Nos. 1 and 4 (1731)  1. 1ST MVT.: CHORALE FANTASIA a. stanza 1 of chorale; bar form (A-A-B) b. majestic, marchlike: arrival of Christ c. uplifting major key, insistent dotted rhythm in orchestra d. recurring instrumental sections (ritornellos) e. complex, imitative polyphony in lower voices  2. 4TH MVT.: UNISON CHORALE a. stanza 2 of chorale; bar form (A-A-B) b. bright major key c. chorale tune sung in unison by tenors, countermelody in strings