Religion essay
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University of California, Los Angeles *
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Course
11
Subject
Religion
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
Pages
14
Uploaded by ChiefLapwingPerson946
Using
the
Comparative
Method:
Christianity
and
Judaism
in
Los
Angeles
Religion
11:
Religion
in
Los
Angeles
December
3,
2019
The
Middle
East
is
a
geographical
area
that
holds
much
importance
and
is
considered
the
birthplace
of
many
religions.
Two
of
these
religions
include
Christianity
and
Judaism.
Since
Christianity
was
birthed
from
the
Jewish
faith,
the
two
religions
are
very
similar
to
each
other
in
terms
of
beliefs
and
practice
many
ritual
traditions
that
can
easily
be
cross
referenced
with each
other.
As
these
religions
began
to
expand
and
become
known
as
world
religions,
more
noticeable
differences
between
Judaism
and
Christianity
began
to
arise.
When
looking
more
closely
at
the
different
ritual
traditions
that
each
religion
practices
and
analyzing
them
with
regards
to
their
origin,
historical
development,
and
significance
in
Los
Angeles,
more
differences
are
noticeable.
Two
important
traditions
that
are
practiced
by
Christians
and
Jews
are
the
baptism
and
the
brit
milah,
respectively.
These
are
two
ritual
traditions
that
have
been
practiced
over
centuries,
and
still
hold
much
importance
for
the
followers
of
Jesus
Christ
and
God
as
they
set
the
way
for
a
covenant
with
each
respective
being.
With
the
expansion
of
Christianity
and
Judaism,
these
ritual
traditions
have
been
practiced
globally,
by
almost
every
follower
of
the
religion.
In
Los
Angeles,
the
Christian
and
Jewish
communities
have
grown,
and
now
populate
the
city.
There
are
churches
and
synagogues
all
over
the
city,
where
these
ritual
traditions
are
practiced
on
a
daily
basis.
CHRISTIANITY
With
more
than
two
billion
followers,
Christianity
is
one
of
the
most
widely
practiced
religions
in
the
world.
The
Christian
faith
is
centered
around
beliefs
regarding
the
birth,
life,
death,
and
resurrection
of
Jesus
Christ.
More
specifically,
Christians
believe
that
God
sent
his
son,
Jesus
Christ
to
save
the
world.
It
is
believed
that
Jesus
Christ
was
crucified
on
a
cross
for
the
forgiveness
of
all
mans
sins,
and
was
resurrected
shortly
after
his
death
before
rising
to
heaven.
Christianity
has
many
denominations,
including
Protestantism,
Pentecostalism,
Catholicism,
Evangelicalism,
and
Anglicanism.
In
Los
Angeles,
older
protestant
denominations
are
traced
back
to
the
history
of
Hispanic
ministry
in
southern
california
in
the
eighteenth
century.
Twenty
one
missions
were
built
around
southern
California,
all
with
the
intention
of
spreading
the
Christianity
faith
to
the
surrounding
Native
Americans.
After
the
transition
from
missions
and
Hispanic
ministry
to
churches
and
European
domination
of
the
religion,
Christianity
quickly
expanded
and
became
a
very
popularly
practiced
religion
with
many
important
traditions
that
date
back
to
very
early
times
and
have
much
historical
and
modern
significance.
One
main
tradition
that
is
widely
known
and
practiced
is
baptism.
Baptism
is
a
tradition
of
the
utmost
importance
for
most
denominations
in
the
Christian
faith.
“From
Pentecost
onward,
Holy
Baptism
has
been
an
essential
part
of
the
Christian
movement.
[...]
Throughout
the
New
Testament,
we
find
it
to
be
the
ritualized
celebration
in
which
one
publicly
expresses
one’s
acceptance
of
Jesus
as
Lord
and
in
which
one
believes
that
God
accepts
and
forgives
the
individual
baptized”'.
Baptism
is
the
first
sacrament
of
initiation
into
the
Roman
Catholic
church
and
several
other
denominations
of
Christianity,
along
with
the
Holy
Communion
and
Confirmation
being
the
two
other
sacraments
of
initiation,
which
all
celebrate
the
act
of
giving
an
individual
who
is
new
to
the
Christian
faith
the
gift
of
experiencing
and
knowing
eternal
life,
the
grace
of
Jesus
Christ,
and
the
word
of
God.
Baptism
is
"
Osborne,
Kenan
B.
“The
Christian
Sacraments
of
Initiation.”
Google
Books.
Paulist
Press.
Accessed
December
4,
2019.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=bZaqx7pL6FUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=christi
an+sacraments+of+initiation&ots=L7gzMIszzc&sig=JAN4EOg-1v
7mzI
Ww3PRS4uMgK
Sw#v=0
nepage&
q=christian
sacraments
of
initiation&
{=false.
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the
beginning
of
the
religious
journey
through
Christianity,
and
is
meant
to
be
the
first
sacrament
practiced.
Being
baptised
means
that
one
is
prepared
to
commit
and
dedicate
themselves
to
the
Christian
faith.
Baptism
has
been
a
significant
part
of
the
Christian
church
and
dates
back
a
very
long
time
to
the
Old
Testament
in
the
first
century
C.E.
Baptism
has
a
pre-christian
history,
and
can
be
traced
back
to
the
Jewish
people
who
were
baptized
by
John
the
Baptist
in
the
River
Jordan.
“When
John
the
Baptist
came
to
the
deserts
of
Judea
preaching
a
baptism
of
repentance
for
the
forgiveness
of
sins
he
was
met
with
great
success.
Matthew
3:5
says,
‘people
went
out
to
him
from
Jerusalem
and
all
Judea
and
the
whole
region
of
the
Jordan.
Confessing
their
sins,
they
were
baptized
by
him
in
the
Jordan
River.”
Luke
adds
that
crowds
were
coming
out
to
be
baptized
by
him.
And
‘when
all
the
people
were
being
baptized,
Jesus
was baptized
too.”
(Luke
3:7,21)7%
It
is
believed
that
Jesus
was
baptized
by
John
the
Baptist,
who
was
first
baptized
by
God.
With
the
baptism
of
Jesus
Christ,
many
Christians
believe
that he
then
instituted
the
practice
of
baptism
as
a
sacrament
of
Christian
faith.
Though
I
am
not
Christian,
a
very
close
friend
of
mine
practices
the
Christian
faith
and
took
me
to
Sunday
service
with
her
so
that
I
could
experience
first-hand
what
kinds
of
things
are
preached
to
followers
of
the
faith.
This
was
a
very
interesting
experience
for
me
to
have,
especially
because
I
am
an
agnostic
theist,
so
I
have
never
been
to
any
type
of
religious service
where
an
important
member
of
the
church
preaches
the
word
of
God.
We
went
to
her
church,
Gracepoint,
which
holds
Sunday
service
at
the
Northwestern
Auditorium
at
UCLA.
This
was
an
especially
great
experience
because
I
was
able
to
see
how
the
UCLA
Christian
community
is
2
Barnes,
Ed.
“Baptism:
A
Pre-Christian
History
.”
Baptism:
A
Pre-Christian
History,
October
2005.
http://www.bible.ca/ef/topical-baptism-a-prechristian-history.htm.
united
through
the
grace
of
God.
Luckily,
I
was
able
to
also
experience
the
baptism
of
three
students
right
at
the
end
of
service.
This
baptism
was
very
public
as
it
was
held
outside.
There
was
a
big
tub
of
water
where
the
pastor
baptized
each
student
by
immersing
them
in
the
water.
Prior
to
the
immersion,
he
asked
the
student
to
publicly
say
their
confession
of
faith.
During
service,
there
was
a
portion
where
each
of
the
three
students
confessed
their
sins
to
the
rest
of
the
people
in
the
auditorium,
as
if
to
rid
them
before
the
official
ritual.
After
service
was
officially
over,
I
was
able
to
talk
to
the
pastor,
Manny
Kim,
and
ask
him
questions
about
Christianity.
The
one
thing
that
I
was
most
curious
about
was
the
fact
that
one
must
make
a
public
confession
of
sins
prior
to
the
baptism
itself.
When
asking
pastor
Kim
about
why
the
confession
of
sins
is
not
private,
he
responded
by
explaining
that
“baptism
is
a
public
pronouncement
of
one’s
acceptance
of
Jesus
Christ
as
the
son
of
God
and
the
Lord
of
life.
When
one
1s
confessing
their
sins
[before
the
baptism],
they
confess
directly
to
Jesus
Christ
rather
than
through
a
pastor.
This
is
their
way
of
publicly
showing
Jesus
Christ
that
they
are
ready
to
be
baptized”.
Pastor
Kim
referred
me
to
Mark
16:16
which
says,
“He
that
believeth
and
is
baptized
shall
be
saved”.
Kim
explained
that,
“1f
one
1s
a
believer,
then
baptism
will
save
them,
but
the
public
confession
is
the
expression
of
faith that
qualifies
them
for
the
baptism,
which
is
why
it
is
so
important”.
In
modern
context,
baptism
is
a
ritual
tradition
that
1s
practiced
by
a
majority
of
Christians
globally.
One
ongoing
debate
pertaining
baptism
that
has
been
brought
up
several
times
1s
if
it
1s
ethical
to
baptize
a
child
when
they
are
unaware
of
what
is
happening
or
are
unable
to
consciously
decide
their
religion
affiliation
for
themselves.
Most
Christian
families
will
baptize
their
child
within
the
first
year
of
their
lives
because
parents
want
their
child
to
become
a
member
of
God's
church
at
a
young
age.
When
talking
to
pastor
Kim,
I
was
curious
to
know
what
his
thoughts
were
regarding
this
debate.
Pastor
Kim
explained
that
for
most
Christian
parents,
it
1s
really
important
to
start
involving
kids
with
Christian
rituals
and
teaching
about
their
meanings
at
a
younger
age
so
that
when
they
get
to
the
age
of
understanding,
they
are
more
inclined
to
learn
and
practice
Christianity.
Pastor
Kim
told
me
that
his
daughter
was
one
of
the
students
getting
baptized,
and
that
she
personally
felt
very
disconnected
from
Christianity
throughout
her
childhood
as
a
product
of
not
being
baptized
earlier
in
life.
Kim
mentioned
that
it
was
very
important
for
him
to
see
his
daughter
finally
getting
baptized
because
usually,
parents
want
their
kids
to
believe
in
the
same
faith that
they
believe
in”.
After
talking
to
pastor
Kim
and
seeing
the
baptism
first-hand,
I
do
understand
why
parents
would
want
to
baptize
their
children
at
a
young
age.
Though
I
am
not
affiliated
with
any
religion,
my
parents
are
Jewish
and
I
know
that
there
are
several
rituals
of
the
Jewish
faith
that
they
had
me
and
my
siblings
go
through
at
a
young
age
before
being
able
to
decide
our
religious
affiliations
for
ourselves.
JUDAISM
In
Los
Angeles,
Judaism
is
a
very
popular
religion,
having
the
second
largest
Jewish
population
in
the
United
States.
The
history
of
Judaism
is
a
very
complex
one,
and
there
are
multiple
debates
of
when
the
beginning
of
the
faith
can
be
traced
to.
However,
Judaism
can
be
traced
back
to
the
second
millenium.
Judaism
is
considered
to
be
one
of,
if
not
the
oldest
religion,
and
many
other
religion’s
histories
such
as
Christianity
and
Islam
have
cross
references
with
Judaism
and
the
people
of
Judea.
As
the
first
and
oldest
of
the
three
monotheistic
faiths
which
include
Christianity,
Judaism,
and
Islam,
the
Jewish
faith
centers
around
the
teaching
that
there
1s
only one
eternal
God,
who
expects
all
of
the
Jewish
people
to
do
was
is
just
and
right.
The
basic
laws
of
Judaism
come
from
the
Torah,
which
are
the
first
five
books
of
the
Bible.
The
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Jewish
people
study
the
Torah
and
pray
in
order
to
serve
God.
The
most
important
Jewish
religious
text
is
the
Bible
itself,
which
is
also
known
as
the
Old
Testament.
The
Bible
consists
all
the
books
of
the
Torah,
and
the
prophets
writings.
Unlike
most
religions,
Judaism
does
not
believe
that
other
peoples
must
adopt
its
religious
beliefs
and
practices
in
order
to
be
redeemed.
“It
1s
by
deeds,
not
creed,
that
the
world
is
judged;
the
righteous
of
all
nations
have
a
share
in
the
‘world
to
come””*.
Therefore,
Judaism
is
not
considered
a
missionary
religion,
unlike
Christianity.
Much
of
Jewish
religious
observance
is
centered
in
the
home.
I
personally
observe
this
first-hand
because
my
parents
are
Jewish,
and
they
practice
most
Jewish
rituals
or
laws
within
their
home.
These
include
dietary
laws
which
prohibits
against
the
eating
of
meat
and
dairy
products
at
the
same
meal
and
also
eating
blood,
pork,
and
shell-fish,
prayer
which
is
privately
practiced
a
few
times
a
day
and
practiced
as
a
family
on
Friday
night
dinners,
and
using
Saturday
as
a
day
of
rest.
Depending
on
what
kind
of
Judaism
one
practices,
they
will
have
different
religious
routines.
“Judaism
can
be
viewed
on
a
spectrum
from
those
who
are
very
spiritually
devout
and
traditional
to
those
who
are
more
liberal
and
secular
members.
There
are
several
types
of
Jews
who
can
be
defined
by
general
common
characteristics;
however
within
each
of
these
groups
there
is
often
a
wide
range
of
variation
when
it
comes
to
spiritual
beliefs
and
adherence
to
Jewish
customs.
First,
Orthodox
Jews
are
strict
observers
of
the
Torah
and
the
Jewish
traditions.
[...]
They
believe
the
Torah
is
the
literal
translation
of
God’s
law.
Conservative
Judaism
is
next
on
the
spectrum.
[...]
Conservative
Jews
adhere
to
the
Torah
and
keep
it
foremost
3
“About
the
Jewish
Religion.”
mfa.gov.1l.
Israel
Ministry
of
Foreign
Affairs,
January
1,
2014.
https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/spotlight/pages/about
the
jewish
religion.aspx.
in
their
lives;
however,
they
leave
room
to
accommodate
for
social
change.
One
example
of
this
approach
is
that
some
conservative
factions
will
ordain
female
Rabbis,
as
they
view
women
in
a
more
equitable
role
than
does
the
Orthodox
community
(Young,
2009).
Reform
Judaism
is
seen
as
the
most
progressive
of
the
subdivisions.
Services
are
no
longer
held
in
Hebrew
and
many
of
the
restrictions,
especially
about
keeping
Kosher
and
the
Sabbath,
are
relaxed.
They
focus
on
the
belief
that
people
should
choose
for
themselves
which
practices
they
wish
to
integrate
into
their
lives
based
on
their
own
sense
of
what
will
bring
them
closer
to
God
(Diamant,
2007)”*.
Where
one
falls
on
the
spectrum
of
Judaism
will
determine
what
kinds
of
tradition they
practice.
However,
one
tradition
that
is
quite
universal
among
all
Jews
is
the
brit
milah.
A
brit
milah
is
the
Jewish
ceremony
in
which
a
baby
boy
is
circumcised
on
the
eighth
day
of
his
life.
The
ritual
circumcision
is
symbolic
of
the
baby
boy’s
partnership
with
God,
and
with
the
completion
of
the
brit
milah,
the
boy
officially
enters
a
Covenant
with
God.
As
a
physical
procedure
to
the
body,
the
covenant
can
never
be
forgotten,
unlike
most
other
partnerships
in
life.
A
Jew
is
circumcised
as
a
baby,
when
he
is
not
able
to
understand
or
make
judgements
to
represent
a
partnership
with
God
that
is
beyond
human
understanding.
Historically,
the
brit
milah
dates
back
to
the
time
of
Abraham’s
life.
Specifically,
he
was
the
first
to
complete
the
ritual
-
performing
the
circumcision
on
himself
at
age
ninety-nine.
In
Genesis
17:12,
God
then
spoke
to
Abraham
saying:
“This
is
my
covenant
which
you
shall
keep
between
Me
and
you
and
thy
seed
after
you
-
every
male
child
among
you
shall be
circumcised”.
“For
3,500
years, since
the
time
of
*
Fairchild,
Emily.
“An
Overview
of
Jewish
Beliefs
and
Traditions
For
Counselors.”
JMU
Scholarly
Commons,
2010.
https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093
&
context=edspec201019.
our
forefather
Abraham,
the
Jewish
people
have
observed
the
ritual
of
circumcision
as
the
fundamental
sign
of
the
covenant
between
God
and
Israel.
The
Brit
Milah
is
considered
much
more
than
a
simple
medical
procedure.
Brit
Milah
is
considered
the
sign
of
a
new-born
child's
entry
into
the
Jewish
tradition.
For
millennia,
in
every
country
where
Jews
have
lived,
they
have
always
practiced
this
ritual,
sometimes
at
great
personal
sacrifice.
Perhaps
more
than
any
other
ritual,
Brit
Milah
is
the
ultimate
affirmation
of
Jewish
identity™”
.
Historically,
a
Jewish
father
was
obligated
to
circumcize
his
son
because
Abraham
circumcized
his
son,
Isaac.
However,
are
not
trained
to
circumcise,
so
a
mohel,
who
is
a
Jew
who
has
studied
the
techniques
of
circumcision,
acts
as
a
stand-in
father
for
the
ceremony.
With
the
big
population
of
Jews
in
Los
Angeles,
especially
Persian
Jews
that
tend
to
be
on
the
more
orthodox
side
of
the
spectrum,
the
brit
milah
is
a
very
well
practiced
ritual
in
Los
Angeles.
Comparing
Baptism
and
the
Brit
Milah
Considering
that
the
Christian
religion
was
birthed
from
Judaism,
the
ritual
traditions
that
each
practice
should
have
their
similarities.
For
example,
with
both
the
baptism
and
the
brit
milah,
the
individual
is
expected
to
be
inwardly
committed
to
the
religion.
Specifically,
in
order
to
have
a
covenant
with
God, Jews
must
believe
and
live
for
God
as
Christians
are
called
to
believe
and
live
for
the
Lord.
Moreover,
both
of
these
rituals
are
typically
performed
at
the
beginning
of
an
infant’s
life.
The
reformed
protestant
tradition
makes
a
parallel
between
circumcision
and
baptism
in
its
teaching
about
the
baptism
of
infants,
suggesting
that
because
®
Rose,
Andrew.
“The
Brit
Milah.”
THE
BRIT
MILAH.
Accessed
December
5,
2019.
http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/AROSE/Bris.htm.
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Jewish
infants
were
circumcised,
infants
born
into
a
Christian
family
should
be
baptized.
However,
making
this
parallel
can
be
inappropriate
in
several
ways.
First
off,
a
brit
milah
is
only
for
male
Jews,
while
a
baptism
is
for
all
followers
of
Jesus
Christ,
regardless
of
gender.
Furthermore,
it
is
written
in
the
Torah
for
the
brit
milah
to
be
performed
on
the
eighth
day
of
the
boy’s
life
while
it
is
just
preference
for
most
parents
to
have
their
child
baptized
at
an
earlier
age.
Additionally,
the
brit
milah
is
a
physical
sign
of
a
relationship
with
God.
In
the
Old
Testament,
there
is
recognition
that
circumcision
and
being
a
dedicated
to
the
nation
of
Israel
is
not
enough
for
salvation.
More
specifically,
Deuteronomy
10:16
records
Moses
commanding
the
Israelites
to
circumcise
their
hearts.®
Simply
taking
a
physical
step
towards
a
covenant
with
God
is
not
enough,
it
must
also
be
made
from
within.
On
the
other
hand,
with
baptism,
no
physical
change
takes
place;
rather,
it
is
a
demonstration
of
a
spiritual
change
that
has
taken
place.
Once
the
baptism
takes
place,
the
individual
has
taken
the
right
step
towards
salvation.
Conclusion
Judaism
and
Christianity
are
two
very
complex
religions
that
have
many
different
ritual
traditions
that
are
practiced
in
order
to
build
a
relationship
with
God
or
the
Lord
and
officially
declare
oneself
as
a
devoted
follower
of
the
religion.
For
Christianity,
there
are
seven
sacraments
of
religion.
These
include
baptism,
confirmation,
Eucharist,
penance,
anointing
of
the
sick,
marriage,
and
holy
orders.
While
all
of
these
seven
sacraments
of
Christianity
are
highly
important,
they
are
not
required
to
be
fulfilled
in
order
to
be
a
follower
of
the
religion.
In
this
¢
“Circumcision
and
Baptism.”
Ligonier
Ministries.
Tabletalk
Magazine.
Accessed
December
4,
2019.
https://www
ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/circumcision-and-baptism/.
10
paper,
the
ritual
tradition
that
was
researched
and
focused
on
was
baptism.
Baptism
is
a
tradition
in
which
a
follower
of
Jesus,
regardless
of
age
or
gender, publicly
confesses
their
sins
and
their
faith
to
the
Lord.
They
acknowledge
that
Jesus
Christ
is
the
son
of
God,
and
are
then
immersed
in
a
natural
source
of
water
by
their
pastor.
This
tradition
actually
began
with
the
immersion
of
the
Judeans
by
John
the
Baptist
in
the
first
century
C.E.
as
a
way
for
the
Judeans
to
cleanse
themselves
of
sin.
However,
the
Jewish
people
do
not
call
their
similar
tradition
of
immersion
in
holy,
natural
water
a
“baptism”.
Instead,
it
is
called
a
Mikveh.
Along
with
the
Mikveh,
Jews
have
several
more
traditions
that
create
covenants
with
God
and
begin
their
journey
through
the
Jewish
faith.
A
very
important
ritual
tradition
that
happens
at
the
beginning
of an
infant
boy’s
life
1s
the
brit
milah,
or
circumcision.
The
baby
boy
is
circumcised
as
a
physical
means
of
proclaiming
their
relationship
with
God.
The
idea
of
physically
etching
the
relationship
with
God
onto
their
body
is
that
it
cannot
be
forgotten
or
it
cannot
end.
This
tradition
dates
back
to
Abrahamic
times,
when
he
circumcised
himself
and
was
then
told
by
God
to
circumcise
his
son.
God
spoke
to
Abraham
and
explained
that
fathers
shall
circumcise
their
sons
for
generations
to
come,
and
now
in
modern
day,
this
ritual
tradition
still
holds
and
is
very
important
to
the
Jewish
people.
While
the
Christian
faith
originated
through
Judaism,
the
two
ritual
traditions
that
each
religion
practices
do
have
several
differences.
The
overall
idea
of
how
each
respective
ritual
tradition
creates
a
covenant
with
God
or
the
Lord
can
be
compared
and
said
to
be
very
similar.
In
almost
every
religion,
there
will
be
a
ritual
tradition
that
creates
the
covenant
with
the
higher
being.
However,
the
details
of
each
tradition
sets
them
apart,
as
expected.
The
biggest
difference
between
a
baptism
and
the
brit
milah
is
that
a
baptism
creates
a
covenant
with
the
Lord,
is
a
11
spiritual
profession
of
faith,
and
enough
for
salvation
while
a
brit
milah
is
a
physical
one,
and
is
not
enough
for
salvation.
The
Jews
must
also
be
loyal
to
God
and
“circumcise
their
heart”
in
order
to
be
saved.
In
Los
Angeles,
these
ritual
traditions
are
practiced
often
and
are
very
popular
due
to
a
high
population
of
Christians
and
Jews
in
the
city.
During
a
Sunday
service
for
my
friend’s
church,
T
was
able
to
see
a
baptism
first-hand,
and
better
understand
the
effort
that
goes
through
it.
There
is
regular
Jewish
service
every
Friday
and
Christian
Sunday
services
every
weekend
as
well,
with
a
large
amount
of
churches
and
temples
all
over
the
city.
The
brit
milah
is
practiced
at
home,
but
is
very
important
nevertheless.
After
being
able
to
research
and
learn
about
these
two
religions
and
their
ritual
traditions,
I
can
better
understand
the
history
of
each
and
what
makes
them
so
similar
and
different
to
each
other.
Being
an
agnostic
theist,
it
has
always
been
hard
for
me
to
understand
religion
and
the
specific
laws
that
go
into
these
ritual
traditions,
but
now
I
have
a
better
grasp
on
the
meaning
of
these
traditions
for
each
religion
and
why
it
is
so
important
to
fulfill
the
word
of
God
or
the
Lord.
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12
Bibliography
“About
the
Jewish
Religion.”
mfa.gov.il.
Isracl
Ministry
of
Foreign
Affairs,
January
1,
2014.
https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/spotlight/pages/about
the
jewish
religion.aspx.
Barnes,
Ed.
“Baptism:
A
Pre-Christian
History
.”
Baptism:
A
Pre-Christian
History,
October
2005.
http://www.bible.ca/ef/topical-baptism-a-prechristian-history.htm.
“Circumcision
and
Baptism.”
Ligonier
Ministries.
Tabletalk
Magazine.
Accessed
December
4,
2019.
https://www
ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/circumcision-and-baptism/.
Fairchild,
Emily.
“An
Overview
of
Jewish
Beliefs
and
Traditions
For
Counselors.”
JMU
Scholarly
Commons,
2010.
https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093
&
context=edspec201019.
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Kenan
B.
“The
Christian
Sacraments
of
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Google
Books.
Paulist
Press.
Accessed
December
4,
2019.
https://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&1d=bZaqx7pL6FUC&o1=tnd&pg=PA
1
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q=christi
an
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of
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f=false.
13
Rose,
Andrew.
“The
Brit
Milah.”
THE
BRIT
MILAH.
Accessed
December
5,
2019.
http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/AROSE/Bris.htm.
Weiss,
Charles.
“A
Worldwide
Survey
of
the
Current
Practice
of
Milah
(Ritual
Circumcision).”
Jewish
Social
Studies.
Indiana
University
Press,
January
1,
1962.
https://www
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token=PmVyvpDdfAIAAAAA:y-T2qi-Bwl
X801ULsdyNUEFAFWWNCQemAb4IWICU6GI1200npjFoqSshMNZBprK
gsXaHhewiX
dkkvUSaX12a5rYDQ4duA8ezp0;5bgAtOTpRSqOReuBP8-Q&seq=1#metadata_info
tab
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