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1 Categorical Variables with Chi-Square Tests: Afrobarometer DrPh, Walden University RSCH-8210R: Quantitative Reasoning and Analysis Dr. Nancy Rea August, 2020

2 Categorical Variables with Chi-Square Tests: Afrobarometer Categorical analysis provides information on relationships between other types of variables that are not continuous (Frankfort-Nachmias et al., 2020). The Afrobarometer dataset will be used to verify the utilization of the dataset by conducting the mean age of the respondents (IBM SPSS vs25, 2015). Three scenarios will be presented with data analysis. The analysis will include a research question, hypothesis and explanation of the variables. The interpretation of the data will encompass the case summary, crosstabulation, chi-square tests, systemic measures, and assumptions. As in previous papers, social change implications will be addressed. Verification of Dataset Table 1, 37.39 is the mean of the age of respondents. Table 1 Age of Respondents N Valid 10232 Missing 85 Mean 37.39 Median 34.00 Std. Deviation 14.863 Minimum 18 Maximum 105 From “Afrobarometer: Dataset B,” IBM SPSS v25, 2015. Scenario 1: Categorical Analysis Research Question and Hypotheses Research question for scenario one is to what extent is there an association between trust in the police and democracy (dichotomous). Null hypothesis there is no association between trust in the police and democracy. Alternate hypothesis there is an association between trust in the police and democracy.

3 Variables and Assumptions The independent variable is trust in the police and the dependent variable is democracy. The assumption for the variables is the levels are mutually exclusive (McHugh, 2013). Both of the variables are categorical, which assist in fulfilling the assumption of independence. Descriptive Statistics Table 2 Table 2 reveals, democracy ( M = .884, SD = .320, N = 9597), and trust in the police ( M = 1.57, SD = 1.10, N = 10098). The DV is democracy and the IV is trust in the police. Table 2 Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Democracy (dichotomous) 9597 .00 1.00 .8844 .31971 Q59h. Trust police 10098 0 3 1.57 1.103 Valid N (listwise) 9450 From “Afrobarometer: Dataset B,” IBM SPSS v25, 2015. Data Interpretation Table 3 Table 3 shows, 91.6%, which is 9450 people answered trust in the police question and democracy with only 8.4%, which is 867 of missing data. Table 3 Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Q59h. Trust police * Democracy (dichotomous) 9450 91.6% 867 8.4% 10317 100.0% From “Afrobarometer: Dataset B,” IBM SPSS v25, 2015.

4 Data Interpretation Tables 4-6 Table 4 depicts the crosstabulation table of democracy and trust of the police. When comparing countries with a democracy and not a democracy and their trust in the police, in countries where there is no democracy 19.8% have no trust in the police and in countries with democracy 80.2% have no trust in the police based on 2,126 of the respondents that answered the question Table 4. No democracy 12.6% has a little trust in the police and with a democracy 87.4% have little trust in the police, which is how 2,363 of the respondents that answered the question Table 4. No democracy 9.3% have somewhat trust in the police and with a democracy 90.7% have somewhat trust in the police of the 2,515 respondents that answered the question Table 4. In Table 4, no democracy 5.6% have a lot of trust in the police and with a democracy 94.4% have a lot of trust in the police of the 2,446 respondents that answered the question. Table 5 provides the chi-square test results, X 2 (3) = 243.109; p < .001 and based on p < .05 significance level, there is significance. The null hypothesis is rejected. The assumption of cell expected frequencies should be less than 5 for at least 20% of the cells (Laureate Education, 2019). Table 5 shows the cell count at 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5, which means the assumption is met. Table 6 will be evaluated because Table 4 is larger than a 2x2 model and phi test will not be used but instead the Cramer’s V will be used to determine the strength of the effect. Table 6 has the Cramer’s V as .160, which reveals the has a low association (AcaStat Statistical Software, n.d.).

5 Table 4

6 Q59h. Trust police * Democracy (dichotomous) Crosstabulation Democracy (dichotomous) Total Not a Democracy Democracy Q59h. Trust police Not at all Count 421 1705 2126 Expected Count 244.8 1881.2 2126.0 % within Q59h. Trust police 19.8% 80.2% 100.0% % within Democracy (dichotomous) 38.7% 20.4% 22.5% % of Total 4.5% 18.0% 22.5% Just a little Count 297 2066 2363 Expected Count 272.1 2090.9 2363.0 % within Q59h. Trust police 12.6% 87.4% 100.0% % within Democracy (dichotomous) 27.3% 24.7% 25.0% % of Total 3.1% 21.9% 25.0% Somewhat Count 234 2281 2515 Expected Count 289.6 2225.4 2515.0 % within Q59h. Trust police 9.3% 90.7% 100.0% % within Democracy (dichotomous) 21.5% 27.3% 26.6% % of Total 2.5% 24.1% 26.6% A lot Count 136 2310 2446 Expected Count 281.6 2164.4 2446.0 % within Q59h. Trust police 5.6% 94.4% 100.0% % within Democracy (dichotomous) 12.5% 27.6% 25.9% % of Total 1.4% 24.4% 25.9% Total Count 1088 8362 9450 Expected Count 1088.0 8362.0 9450.0 % within Q59h. Trust police 11.5% 88.5% 100.0% % within Democracy (dichotomous) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% % of Total 11.5% 88.5% 100.0% From “Afrobarometer: Dataset B,” IBM SPSS v25, 2015.

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