BU422 Final Test Cheat Sheet

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School

Wilfrid Laurier University *

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Course

422

Subject

Statistics

Date

Jan 9, 2024

Type

docx

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Uploaded by MajorDanger13006

Descriptive and Frequency Analysis ● Frequency test → nominal (categorical questions i.e yes/no, gender) ○ Questions with three coloured circles on SPSS indicate nominal ○ Can run one frequency test for all nominal values ● Descriptive test → interval, scale, ratio ○ Questions with ruler icon on SPSS indicate interval ○ Can run one descriptive test for all interval values - Example Question: Conduct a descriptive and frequency analysis for the following variables: Online Store, Certificates, Number of Certificates,YouTube, Instagram, Average Price, Revenue, and Production. Interpret the results of this analysis. Steps to Conduct Frequency Test on SPSS Click descriptive statistics → frequencies → add in the variable, → hit statistics → click mode and continue → select ok **doesn't really matter if you don't select mode How Analyze Results of a Frequency Test ● Analyze values in the “Valid Percentage” column (answers of those with valid responses) ● How to interpret → report basic findings (ex: majority of respondents i.e 80% do not have certificates)

Steps to Conduct a Descriptive Test on SPSS Click descriptive measures → discrepancies → select variables → select options → click median, minimum, maximum and standard deviation → select ok How Analyze Results of a Descriptive Test ● Analyze values in the mean column ○ How to interpret → the average is… (ex: average revenue of respondents is $220,033) ● Greater std deviations means greater variability in responses

Cross Tabulation ● Association between 2 variables (with percentages) - both variables are categorical ● Can calculate individual binaries or all from running test with no percentages ● If you’re determining binaries for all 4 conditions → can select total in SPSS - Example question: what % of wineries w certificate have fb and what % of wineries without certificate have fb → 2 binary example - In this case make certificates rows and facebook columns and u would calculate horizontally - Utilize an appropriate statistical test to determine the percentages of wineries that a) have both a certificate and an online store, b) have a certificate but no online store, c) do not have a certificate but have an online store, and d) have neither a certificate nor an online store → all 4 binary example Steps to Conduct Cross Tabulation Test on SPSS Analyze > Descriptive > Crosstabs> input one variable in rows and How to Analyze Cross Tabulations ● REQUIRE CALCULATING PERCENTAGES ● How to read the table ○ ● Example Question: determine the percentages of wineries that a) have both a certificate and an online store, b) have a certificate but no online store, c) do not have a certificate but have an online store, and d) have neither a certificate nor an online store **ignore

● Given that certificate is mentioned first these totals should be calculated horizontal/rows, if it were asking people have an online store and certificate then calculate vertical/columns a) 63/105 = 60% ● How to answer: 60% of wineries with certificates also have an online store b) 42/105 = 40% ● How to answer: 40% of wineries w certificates do not have an online store c) 254/418 = ● How to answer: approximately 61% of wineries without certificates have an online store d) 164/418 = ● How to answer: aprox 39% of wineries without certificates also don't have an online store

Correlation ● Finding associations among continuous variables ● Looking for correlations amongst variables How to Calculate Correlation in SPSS Analyze > correlate > bivariate> input variables > ok How to Analyze Correlations (with more than 2 categorical variables) ● Pearson correlation column: Only look at numbers with * or ** → indicates a significant correlation exists ● If sig is < 0.05 it is statistically significant at 95% confidence level ● If sig is < 0.01 it is statistically significant at 99% confidence level ● Positive correlations → binaries move in the same direction ● Negatively correlated → binaries move in opposite direction ○ Example question: explore the association between winery size (acreage), production, average price, and revenue. Interpret the findings of this analysis. ■ Acre and production have a significant positive correlations: larger binaries have higher productions ■ Significant Negative correlation between avg price and production: binaries with higher production have a lower prices ● How to answer: ○ There is a positive correlation between acres and production suggesting that wineries that have a greater amount of acres, have higher production ○ There is a positive correlation between acres and revenues suggesting that wineries with greater amount of acres, experience higher revenues ○ There is a negative correlation between production and average price

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