600 Muscles Fungus Movement

The anatomy and physiology of the human body explains that muscles are attached to the skeleton. They work like hinges or levers to pull or move particular joints when a muscle contracts, pulling the joint in the direction it is designed to move. Parts of muscles move antagonistically, that is, when one contracts, its opposite member relaxes to allow movement. Muscles can become slack, making movement slower and more difficult.

The left metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) joints are held at slight flexion pressed against the ground by a concentric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum longus. The left talocrural (ankle) is plantar flexed using a concentric contraction of the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The right talocrural (ankle) is plantar flexed by a concentric contraction of the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius. The left tibiofermoral (knee) joints are being extended by a concentric contraction of the quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius). The right metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) are being held plantar flexed due to an isometric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digtorum longus. The right tibiofermoral (knee) joints are flexed at a 90-degree angle by a concentric contraction of the biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranosus. During this phase the left acetabular fermoral (hip) joint is flexed due to an eccentric contraction of the rectus femoris, pectineus, iliacus, and psoas. The right acetabular fermoral (hip) joint is at slight extension due to a concentric contraction of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and the gluteus

Biceps Brachii - It's attachments are the coracoid process, supraglenoid tuberosity, and radial tuberosity. When it contracts it causes flexion and supination. It's located close to the endangerment site the antecubital. This area is known for housing chronic pain.

Q4: Pectoral major is a muscle located in the chest region; it originates from the proximal part of the humerus. Its function is to adduct and rotate the arm. A bicep is a muscle that has two heads or point of origin. Biceps femoris is a muscle located at the back of the thigh, and its function is to flex the knee joint.

The popliteus muscle is a minor flexor of the knee. It penetrates the joint capsule to find its origin on the lateral condyle of the femur, and passes obliquely to insert on the medio-proximal tibia. Its main function is to help stabilize the knee, but is also able to rotate the femur on the tibia to unlock the knee.

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint which allows it a flexion and extension motion.

The supraspinatus muscle is the initial muscle for this movement during the first 15 degrees of its arc and past 15 degrees, the deltoid muscle becomes increasingly more effective at abducting the arm. The supraspinatus muscle is one of the musculotendinous support structures called the rotator cuff that surrounds the shoulder. In addition, it also helps to stabilize the shoulder joint by keeping the head of humerus firmly pressed medially against the glenoid fossa of the scapula. The most common form of injury in the shoulder is rotator cuff tendonitis. It involves the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle, which attaches to the upper portion of the upper portion of the humerus at the shoulder joint. Less commonly, the tendon of the infraspinatus

Connected to the scapula is the shoulder: the deltoid anterior, deltoid lateral, pectoralis major and bicep brachi contract to create forward flexion at one of these shoulder joints. Parallel the deltoid, infraspinatus and teresminor are contracted to cause extension of the shoulder joint. Travelling along each arm the triceps brachi and aneconeus muscles are contracted to extend the elbow joint. The radio-carpal joint in extension uses the extensor carpi radialis longus, abductor pollicis and flexor carpi radialis to perform the neutral positioning of the radio-carpel and extension of the phalanges

The quads include the rectus femoris, and the vastus lateralis, intermedius, and medialis. This muscle group shares a common tendon at insertion. The patellar tendon inserts at the tibial tuberosity, and within this tendon lies the patella. The patella is anterior to the femur-tibia articulation, and this sesmoid bone increases the leverage of the quads by acting as a pulley. The major contributor to the stability of the knee joint is the strength of the quads. The only muscle that assists in extension is the tensor fascia lata.

The deep digital flexor muscle is a long and strong muscle that originates from the humerus and attaches on to the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx. It is made up of three different muscle heads that comes together at the level of the carpus to form one common tendon. The three different heads are the humeral head, the ulnar head and the radial head. The humeral head origins from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The ulnar head arises on the medial aspect of the olecranon and attaches with the main tendon at the level of the carpus. The radial originates from the caudomedial aspect of the radius at approximately the middle third of the forearm and connects with the other parts at the distal end of the radius (Barone, 2000)

The injection sites were determined by muscle animation (smiling) and palpation on contraction to ensure precise muscle location before injection. Target injection points were as the following; the first point is the approximation of the muscle fibers of levator labii superioris alaeque nasi with the levator labii superioris, the second point located at the approximation of the levator labii superioris and the zygomaticus minor superioris. (Polo, 2008). In addition we used a guide from Sucupira and Abramovitz (2012); where surface landmarks can be used as a guide to injection points. An example is shown in Figure 3.2.

The female exerciser begins executing the bird dog while positioned on her hands and knees. She raises her left arm while simultaneously extending her right hip and knee. The muscle fibers of her anterior deltoid engage and act as the agonist for shoulder flexion while the gluteus maximus engages as the agonist for hip extension. The quadriceps femoris group act as the agonist for knee extension. The antagonists for shoulder flexion are the posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and the triceps brachii. The antagonist for her hip extension is the iliopsoas while the hamstring group is the antagonist for knee extension. The upper fibers of her pectoralis major, along with the biceps brachii

The explanation begins at the intercostal muscles between each pair of our 12 ribs of the rib

There are three unique muscles which serve a dual process, the internal intercostals, lateral iliocostalis thoracic, and latissimus dorsi. They all keep their same origin and insertion points but differ by functions. They elevate the ribs and rib cage during inhalation and also depress the ribs and rib cage during exhalation. Another muscle is the lateral iliocostalis lumborum also works with the lateral iliocostalis thoracis to stabilize the back ribcage. Next the serratus posterior inferior is v-shaped and is found further down the spinous process, and helps with muscle rotation. Another word for serratus is jagged. The next muscle is the transverse thoracic it look like legs of a spider but separates the thoracic cage. Second to last are the subcostals and these muscles resemble the internal intercostals but may skip one or more ribs. Finally the quadratus lumborum can be seen only when the abdominal contents have been removed. Although some of these muscles are different in origin and insertion points there functions play a major role during exhalation in which they pull down on the rib cage in order to reduce air

The vastus lateralis muscle forms part of the quadriceps muscle group of the upper leg and can be found on the anteriolateral aspect of the thigh. This muscle is more commonly used as the site for IM injections as it is generally thick and well formed in individuals of all ages and is not located close to any major arteries or nerves. It is also readily accessed. The middle third of the muscle is used to define the injection site. This third can be determined by visually dividing the length of the muscle that originates on the greater trochanter of the femur and inserts on the upper border of the patella and tibial tuberosity through the patella ligament into thirds. Palpation of the muscle is required to determine if sufficient body and mass is present to undertake the procedure.