A Review On Management Of The 's Cancer : Nano Technology

Cancer claims more than half a million lives in the United States every year (National Cancer Institute). Cancer is commonly perceived to be a fatal illness that leads to a slow death. Many cancer patients have little or no hope when they are diagnosed with this devastating disease. However, there is a new breakthrough in combating cancer. This new strategy has brought renewed hope to millions of patients. Nanotechnology is the newest weapon in the war waged against cancer. Nanotechnology is defined by the National Nanotechnology Initiative as “research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular scale leading to the controlled creation and use of structures, devices, and systems with a length scale of approximately 100 nm”. Nanotechnology presents the potential to be extremely effective in aiding cancer research and treatment. The implementation of nanoparticles is a major development in the field of medicine, and its involvement in the fight against cancer has yielded positive results. Nanotechnology allows for precise targeting of malignant cells, which was a challenge in the past. Some complications remain, but these few can be eliminated through more research. Overall, nanotechnology presents a more safer and practical approach to eradicate tumors. The approach for eliminating cancer in the U.S. should not be surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy; instead, the use of nanotechnology to combat cancer

Colon and rectum cancer is ranked third for cancer incidence and fourth for cancer death globally in 2013. Further colon and rectum cancer ranked second for incidence and mortality for developed countries and ranked fourth for both incidence and mortality for developing countries. The Global burden of cancer study showed that colon and rectal cancer was the fourth leading cause for cancer related years life lost between 1990 and 2013. The number of people diagnosed with colon and rectal cancer doubled from 1990 to 2013, most of the increase being explained by an aging and growing population. But a 16% of this increase was independent of the aging and growing population. The study showed colon and rectum cancer caused 15.8 million

Rectal cancer has long been recognized as one of the common malignancy in developed and developing countries. It is one of the major causes of cancer related mortality in the world1. Early detection, early diagnosis and timely treatment results improvement in the survival rate among rectal cancer.

Cancer is one of the top two leading causes of death today. According to estimates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in 2012 there were 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths worldwide. By 2030, there will have been 21.7 million new cancer cases and 13 million cancer deaths because of the unfavorable lifestyle. For instance, smoking, and poor are considered as a bad lifestyle that cause cancer; moreover, Colon cancer ( colorectal cancer ) is the third commonly occurred cancer. Both women and men have the same possibility to have colon cancer. Although this disease is renowned, it is essential to develop a better knowledge of the nature of colon cancer, its symptoms, and treatment.

Colon cancer is expected to be responsible for about 47,700 deaths (23,100 men and 24,600 women) during 2000. About 8,600 people (4,700 men and 3,900 women) will die from rectal cancer during 2000. The death rate from colorectal cancer has been going down for the past 20 years. This may be because there are fewer cases, more of the cases are found early, and treatments have improved.

“The colon cancer vs. Crohn’s disease debate is generating a lot of interest in the medical community. Every year in the U.S., approximately 57,000 people die from colorectal cancer and 147,000 new cases are diagnosed”states Dr. Victor Marchione. Crohn's disease is a new disease that was introduced into today's society in 2015. 1.4 million Americans have Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. Of those, about 700,000 have Crohn’s has been diagnosed in the years between 1992 and 2004 just from a doctor's visit. People have came up with different ways that we can help and prevent the disease such as Surgery, Conferences and “ KEY TO PROCESS “.

Colon cancer is considered as the second killer cancer in United States and Western Europe (1). Moreover, in the U.S it is the third common cancer ,and the risk is about 6 percent(1).It mostly affects elderly men and women, and the risk to the people who are African-Americans higher (1). Moreover, a personal history or family history makes the risk greater and the lifestyle effects too (1). For example, if the person overweight or suffers from obesity, that makes him under the risk. However, what is the Colon cancer?, and why is it a deadly disease ?.This will present in this essay based on a definition of colon cancer and its symptoms, screening, treatment.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy of the large bowel. It is the third most common cancer in men and woman and the second leading cause of cancer related death in the Unites States. In 2011, an estimated 135,260 new cases of colon cancer were diagnosed, including 70,099 men and 65,161 women. Almost half of all patients (51,783) diagnosed, died from CRC.1 Incidence varies by sex, age, and race and is highest in black males.2 The etiology for most large bowel cases appears to be related to environmental factors and is more common in urban areas. Mortality of CRC tends to follow the amount of food intake, including meat, protein, dietary fat, and amount of fiber.3

Symptoms of CRC recurrence include recent alterations in bowel habits, abdomen pain, bleeding per rectum, and perineal pain in rectal cancers (Nurgali & Wildbore, 2015, p.768). Change in bowel habits includes an increase or decrease in frequency of defecation (Thompson et al., 2017, p.1394). Signs and symptoms of CRC recurrence depend on the shape, size and location of the lesion (Nurgali & Wildbore, 2015, p.768). Primary lesion located in the ascending colon will result in John having liquid faeces and experiencing pain in that region (Nurgali & Wildbore, 2015, p.768). Whereas, lesion in the transverse colon would result in semisolid faeces and also pain in that area (Nurgali & Wildbore, 2015, p.768). Lesions in descending colon result in narrow solid faeces due to the tumour growing circumferentially (Nurgali & Wildbore, 2015,

used the distance from the anal verge to the lowest aspect of the mass to define rectal cancer, as this was a useful reference point for clinicians when they performed a colonoscopy [13, 14]. They classified low rectal cancer as the lowest aspect of the tumor located less than 5 cm from the anal verge. The MERCURY II study and Crane et al. defined low rectal cancer as the distance from the anal verge to the lowest aspect of the mass ≤6 cm [15, 16]. When we used the distance from the anal verge to the lowest aspect of the mass ≤6 cm from previous studies to define low rectal cancer, we found that half of the cases (n=50) were rectal cancer and the other half were anal cancer (n=50). Even when we considered the distance from the anal verge up to 6 cm to the lowest aspect of the mass, we could not differentiate between low rectal and anal cancers with higher

Treatment options for recurrent rectal cancer depend on whether the cancer recurs locally or in a distant site.

Nanocarriers (NCs) have emerged as a favored drug delivery approach towards improving the anticancer benefits of several bioactives for cancer therapy with recent reports showing the application of NC systems in clinical settings [18]. The NCs with size < 100 nm have been associated with enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR) due to the presence of leaky vasculature in the tumor tissues which contributes to its enhanced efficacy. Also recently, NCs have shown to be effective in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma [19]. A recent study by Kanai et al. showed that the NC albumin-bound paclitaxel and carboplatin (nabPC) repetitively achieved tumor regression in malignant mesothelioma

Colon cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world as most patients don’t have any symptoms in the early stages of the illness.

Description: I had the chance to work on multiple manuscripts pertaining to colorectal cancer in African Americans and Caucasians. My contribution included compiling the results from each experiment and inputting them into the corresponding manuscript, creation of all necessary tables and figures, as well as proofreading all sections to correct any mistakes.

The years after the introduction of total mesorectal excision, lead to a major improvement in the survival of rectal cancer. Since its introduction, the five-year survival rates increased from 45%-50% to 75% and the local recurrence rates decreased from 30% to 5%-8%.[1] The technique is based on the principle that dissection in the mesorectal plane, produces an intact fascial-lined specimen, which contains all the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes, through which the tumor may disseminate.[2, 3]