A Study On Lung Cancer

What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X-ray, computerised tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-computerised tomography (PET-CT) scan, bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages. NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30-40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto-oncogenes will be converted to mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

Lung Cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. Lung cancer consists of two types, Non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer. (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. The bronchi are the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs that convey air to and from the lungs, and where most lung cancers begin. The body normally maintains cell growth only

Although many people have heard about lung cancer, they don't know that there are two major types of lung cancer. The types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC breaks down into three different types and approximately makes up 85-90% of the cancers that patients are diagnosed with. The first type of NSCLC is adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer is usually found in smokers however it is the most common lung cancer found in nonsmokers. This cancer typically attacks younger adults and targets women. This cancer tends to develop on the outside layers of the lungs and it can be found before it spreads throughout the body. The second type of NSCLC is squamous cell carcinoma. This cancer is linked to smoking and forms in the inner airways of

Lung cancer is a tumor that affects either one or both of the lungs.A primary cancer begins in the lungs and a secondary cancer begins in another place in the body and makes its way up towards the lungs. Lung cancer is the 5th most common cancer. In Australia 59% of males were diagnosed were as 41% of Australian females were diagnosed.

For many years now, the fusion of a PET/CT scanner has proven to show its benefits in staging lung carcinoma, especially NSCLC. Lung cancer staging is done with the TMN staging system. The T refers to the size of the primary tumor and whether it has invaded local tissue. A few studies have shown that PET alone or CT with contrast, is not as accurate as combined PET/CT for the T staging of NSCLC (B, M, N). Pawaroo et al. showed that the PET aspect of PET/CT is useful for outlining the primary tumor volume, especially if there is atelectasis or invasion into the mediastinum. However, PET/CT is less accurate if the subtype is a bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma (Pawaroo).

Bronchogenic carcinoma accounts for over 95% of all primary lung tumours[53]. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women worldwide accounting for approximately 27% of all cancer deaths[54]. This carcinoma is broadly divided into small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Histologically, NSCLC is sub classified

The theme of this journal article was to explain to the audience the various sub types of non-small cell lung cancer, its risk factors, and the different procedures a patient has to undergo in order for them to be diagnosed with cancer. It does a great job answering a vast amount of questions the audience can have regarding the disease itself, the procedures used for prognosis and diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer, and/ or the treatment available for patients with this disease. Overall, this report was very well detailed and provided the audience with a lot of

It is wise, however, to have a doctor monitor the tumor over at least a two-years period in order to note any changes that might indicate the presence of cancer. Also, a biopsy or surgical removal of a tumor may be needed when the patient is a smoker, the patient has difficulty breathing, or other troubling symptoms, tests show that the cancer could be present, and the nodule continue to grow. The malignant lung cancer is divided into non- small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and lung carcinoid tumor. First, the non- small lung cancer is A group of lung cancers that are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope. The cancer cells of each type grow and spread in different ways. The three main types of non-small cell lung cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common kind of lung cancer. The first type of the non- small cell cancer is squamous cell carcinoma About 25% to 30% of all lung cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers start in early versions of squamous cells, which are flat cells that line the inside of the airways in the lungs. They are often linked to a history of smoking and tend to be found in the central part of the lungs, near a main airway (bronchus). The second type is larger cell carcinoma this type accounts for about 10% to 15% of lung cancers. It can appear in any part of the lung. It tends to grow and spread quickly, which can make it harder to treat. A subtype of large cell carcinoma, known as large cell, neuroendocrine carcinoma, is a fast-growing cancer that is very similar to small cell lung cancer. The third type of non- small cell lung cancer is adenocarcinoma about 40% of lung cancers are adenocarcinomas. that begins in the cells that line the alveoli and make substances such as

The symptoms of non-small-cell lung cancer is hard to be noticed in the early stages,

Lung cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer, across the globe. More deaths are reported from lung cancer than that from breast, colon or prostate combined (2). Around 80% of lung cancers are determined to be non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 65% of those patients have advanced or metastatic disease when discovered (11). Research has shown that early diagnosis and accurate staging is the cornerstone for improving survival of patients with lung cancer. Treatment options depend on the severity of the disease, making accurate staging a priority (7).

Respiratory cancer pertains to any cancer that affects any part of the respiratory system such as the lungs, trachea, larynx, and bronchus (U.S. Respiratory Cancer, 2014). Symptoms of each type vary and depend on the location of the cancer. Some symptoms of lung cancer and cancer of the bronchus include a cough, chest pain, and coughing up blood. Likewise some characteristics in cancer of the larynx are hoarseness, voice changes, sore throat, and feeling of a lump in the throat (Public Health, 2015). These three are the most common forms of respiratory cancer. However, out of those three forms Lung and Bronchus cancer has a significantly higher amount of deaths and cases in comparison to Laryngeal cancer. In 2013, it was estimated there were 163,890 respiratory system related deaths for both sexes. In comparison to other cancers, it accounted for the highest amount of estimated deaths even though it 's estimated new cases were not the highest (see fig.1). In this paper I will specifically discuss Laryngeal cancer, its cell type/location, incidence/prognosis, screening, diagnosis, treatment, risk factors/prevention, and current research on Laryngeal cancer.

There are three main types of lung cancer; non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and lung carcinoid tumors. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer. Cancers such as squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are all subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer. Also called oat cell cancer, small cell lung cancer tends to spread quickly. Fewer than 5% of

|Specific Purpose: |To inform readers on the causes, effects and treatments of lung cancer. |

Most tumours are peripheral and their diagnosis can be assessed by bronchoscopy in segmental or subsegmental bronchi, or by transthoracic needle biopsy. However the probability of identifying both components in small samples is small, and diagnosis is more conclusive on surgical samples.

Introduction: George is an 89 year old man which recently has been diagnosed with Metastatic Lung Cancer. Lung cancer itself accounts for killing an estimated 1.5 million people annually worldwide (Keshamouni, et.al, 2009). Lung cancer is divided into two major types: Non-small-cell cancer which includes these types of cancers; adenocarcinoma, squamous cell and large-cell, these all account to 80% of cases. The second major type is the Small-cell lung cancer which includes these cancers; oat cell, intermediate and combined, all of which only account to 20% of cases. The major causes of Lung cancer are these risk factors: tobacco smoke, air pollution, arsenic, asbestos, nickel and radon. Only 13% of patients survive 5 years after diagnosis (Williams, L, et.al, 2009). But Metastatic Lung Cancer is slightly different, the difference is the cancer originated in another area of the body, and then spread to the Lungs, causing Lung Cancer. This process begins with the cells breaking away from the main tumour or cancer and then travelling into the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream the cancer cells will attach themselves to a vessel which will then attach to a organ and majority of the time it is the lungs (Chang, E, et.al, 2010). Though there is no cure for Metastatic Lung cancer there are preventions such as avoiding things known to cause cancer such as smoking tobacco.