HAND-OUT 2: METAL MANUFACTURING METHODS
Rolling and Forging
1. INTRODUCTION
Rolling and Forging are two of the most important manufacturing metal processes of the modern world. In this report I will make a brief introduction to each of this methods. After this part I will talk about the principle pros and cons of each method and finally I will comment their principle applications.
2. DESCRIPTION OF EACH METHOD
2.1. Rolling
Rolling is the process of plastically deforming the metal by passing it between rolls. This is one of the most use techniques because it provides close control of the final product and a high rate of productivity. In this method the metal is subjected to very high compressive stresses as a result of the friction between the rotating rolls and the metal surface, this high
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The forging processes can be also classified as open and closed die forging. In the first one, the metal is compressed by continuous blows of a mechanical hammer and the shape is given manually. In the second case (closed die forging), the shape is obtained by squeezing the workpiece between two shaped and closed dies.
3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
In this chapter we will first discuss about the differences between cold and hot rolling and cold and hot forging. Finally we will speak about the pros and cons between forging and rolling.
3.1. Hot and Cold Rolling
The key differences between cold and hot rolling are the following ones.
Cold rolled introduces defect into the crystal structure (as seen in Figure 3.1.) of the metal creating hardened microstructure, this increases the yield strength and hardness of the metal. Giving better mechanical properties than hot rolled.
Due to the change of the microstructure hot rolled metal has a grey and scaly finish while cold rolled has a smooth and shiny finish.
Materials and Nanostructures Marc Romero Aguilar
Usually bond two dissimilar metals are joined using this process of welding, especially to weld one metal over a base metal extending to large areas. Production of corrosion free sheets and plate stock for making processing equipment for different operations in the chemical industries and petroleum industries are the major applications. Explosion welding general requires no filling metals, and external agencies for production of heat are also not required. Diffusion does not occur during the processes. The metal parts are metallurgically bonded, in many cases it results in a mechanical interlocking that is occurred as locking formed by a rippled or wavy interfaces between the surface of metals. The process of welding one metal plate on another can be described with help of Figure
The Steel’s physical properties include a stiffness level similar to mild steel. With the addition of chrome and molybdenum the steel can be strong enough to butt or be thinned down in the middle, thus making the material lighter.
Overall, the 1018 and 1045 steel specimens displayed similar relationships between the heat-treating procedures. The 1045 steel had a greater tensile strength in all states except for the quenched state. In general, the 1018 steel specimens were more ductile than the 1045 steel specimens in all states.
Area of the facility that oversees the heat treatment, quenching, straightening, and coring processes. The importance of this area to relax the microstructure of the forged crankshaft, and create the grain boundaries for the strength
During the 1930s and the Great Depression automakers began producing cars with steel bodies which required new tooling (“The “GD” Hits Farms and Cities in the 1930s”). This caused many changes and the automotive and aircraft industry were responsible for several advances in metalworking technologies during this time. To keep up with these changes, manufacturers needed new production methods, machines, and cutting tools which they later got (“The 1930s”).
(According to down’n’dirty Blacksmithing/Blacksmithing techniques) There are many different techniques the blacksmith uses. There is cleansing, forging, punching, drawing, bending, and so many more. cleansing is where one uses a wire brush, and other cleansing tools to clean the metal. Forging is where you strike hard and fast to straighten the metal. Punching is where you put a hole or cut off a part of the metal. Drawing makes the work thinner, but longer or wider. Bending is where you bend the metal in anyway you want.(Down'n'dirty Blacksmithing/Blacksmithing Techniques. (n.d.).)
After the explosion, the metal is often highly deformed has to be heated to soften it or through a series of rollers depending on the metal
Bessemer Process- Cool air is blown on hot iron to burn off impurities and produce more durable steel and cheaper
Disadvantages. Presses were not numerous and supply could not meet demand. By the end of the 1950’s the Air Force operated only nine due to funding cuts (Nalty, 1997). The forging process inherently produces parts with less tolerance than what was required at the time.
Die forging is similar, but uses a thicker piece of metal that is heated in a furnace to the point of pliability and stamped with a heavy tool die. This process was geared towards heavier badges with 3D designs. The reverse image is unique and will typically appear flaw or slightly hollow. Die casting is when molten metal is inserted into a closed die. After cooling, it is removed and finished by hand. Die cast medals usually contain a hook or hinge that connects to a
As well as using spot welding I also used pop riveting to join the sheet metal together. To create my handle I used the forging machine to heat the metal up so that I was then able to bend it to the correct shape and angles. As well as using the junior hacksaw to cut the sheet metal I used the multi-forming press break and sheer to cut a straight line on the sheet metal. Overall I used two forming fabrication processes, two joining and two cutting processes.
As seen in the Fig. 2, there is a dramatic increase in the hardness (31.66 to 65HRB) of the material over a
Steel products were defined by several attributes which determined the product application and defined quality. Grade described the metallic (chemical) composition of the steel, or the elements added to the basic recipe of iron and carbon to create the desired properties. Product described the shape of the product, including semi-finished shapes (blooms, billets and bars) and finished shapes (wires and coils). Surface finish described the smoothness and polish that could be applied to the material’s surface to enhance presentation. Size described the latitudinal and longitudinal dimensions of the product. Structural quality described the absence of breaks in the inner metallic structure. Surface quality described the absence of cracks or seams on the surface. Because specific applications called for specific attributes, many products were customized along one or more attributes for the customer. However, of all attributes, customers valued most the grade, which determined product performance.
Tinny stiff segments for example net or fins can be with no trouble machined without distorting the part.