An Old Day Passes, A New Day Arrives

As a result they were involved with many conflicts with other Empires. Many of these conflict were with the Persian and Muslim nations. There are similarities between the conflict for the Middle East in the 780-1180 and the conflict that we have today in the Middle East. Heraclian Dynasty was beginning of this conflict for the East Mediterranean with Persia. At the time, Persia and Byzantine Empires were the superpowers of the Old World. After years of war, the Byzantine Empire finally defeated Persia. However after this conflict the Arabs arose and began taking over crucial lands that the Byzantine tried to maintain. Then during the 7th Century, the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates were in conflict to gain power over the East Mediterranean. This conflict would eventually start the decline of the Byzantine Empire.

Through analyzing the five given documents, factors affecting cultural exchange through civilizations during 1000 and 1400 A.D. are noticeably those which result in the bringing of new ideas to a different area, such as missionary work, commerce, war, and travels. As new religions sprouted throughout Europe on other expansive areas, missionaries were sent out to foreign lands. Document 1 comes from the viewpoint of a Roman Catholic missionary attempting to spread his faith by presenting a letter from the pope to the emperor of the Tatars. This shows that by converting a powerful leader to your faith, such as an emperor, it is easier for others to follow said faith. Documents 2 and 4 also emphasize how travel can be accountable for the

merchants and trade from the religions origins’ origins until about 1500. Are there indications of

At first Native Americans, Europeans and Africans were separated by the vast oceans in between their continents, but as technologies and trade in Europe advanced the three region’s worlds collided. There were various similarities and differences in policy, economy and religion amongst the three regions but alas, contact between these empires reaped inevitable change among all these for the better or worse.

Beginning in the sixteenth century, Europeans made the voyage to a “new world” in order to achieve dreams of opportunity and riches. In this other world the Europeans came upon another people, which naturally led to a cultural exchange between different groups of people. Although we commonly refer to European and Indian relations as being between just two very different groups of people, it is important to recognize this is not entirely true. Although the settlers of the new world are singularly referred to as Europeans, each group of people came from a different nation and with different motives and expectations of the new world. Similarly, the Indians were neither a united group nor necessarily friendly with each other. Due to the

The phrase “Collision of Cultures” is an accurate assessment of the early relationship between the New World and the Old world. Each side of the cultural divide viewed the other through their own preconceptions that originated from their own standards and customs. The biological and social exchange of the two cultures favored the Europeans at the expense of the Native American Indians.

The Safavid Empire began in Azerbaijan. The empire continued to expand during Shah Abbas's reign but after his death, the dynasty gradually lost its vigor. At first, Shah Ismail, the founder of the Safavid dynasty, tried to convert members of the Ottoman Empire into Shiites. This resulted in massacre of the Sunni Muslims in 1508. Alarmed, the Ottomans fought back and won a major battle. However, after a few years, Ismail regained the land. Many years later, the Ottomans attacked back and forced the new shah, Abbas, to sign a treaty. It was Abbas who led the Safavids to their highest point. The political and social structure was strong. Senior positions in the bureaucracy were by merit rather than by birth. Religious tolerance was practiced. Abbas hired foreigners from neighboring countries for positions in his government to avoid religious competition. The shahs also took a direct interest in the economy, playing an active part in trade and manufacturing. The artistic excellence was

Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith. The Making of the West, Combined Volume: Peoples and Cultures. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford Books, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-4576-8143-1

The Ottomans arose in Anatolia in the west of Turkey, coming primarily as settlers. They ruled a small military state in western Anatolia by 1300, about the time the reign of Seljuk was falling apart. This allowed the ottomans to extended their influence over most of Anatolia and into the Byzantine territory by the 1400’s. By 1402, the Ottomans had moved their capital to

In the late thirteenth century, a new group of Turks under their leader Osman began to build power in the northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula.That land had been given to them by the Seljuk Turk rulers as a reward for helping the rulers to defend their lands against the Mongols in the late thirteenth century.

The Seljuks began as nomadic Turkic tribes who raised cattle on the lands of the Ghazvanids by their permission. However, the tribes began to move into Khorsan, leading to battle with the Ghazvanids, in which the Seljuks triumphed. These Seljuks were converts to the Sunni sect of Islam, but clamed to protect the Abbasid rule. Iran benefited heavily from the Seljuk rule, as it was during this time where Iranian art distinguished itself from “Arts of the Islamic World”. The most important cities under this dynasty were Nishappur, Isfahan, and Ray.

The Ottomans were one of the numbers of Turkish tribes that migrated from Central Asia. Initially they followed a primitive shamanistic religion. Their contacts with various tribes led to the introduction of Islam and they acquired their greatest combat tradition, that of the ghazi warrior. The first period of the Ottoman history was characterized by almost continuous territorial expansion. The Ottoman dominion spread out from a small Anatolian principality to cover a major amount of land in Middle East and southeastern Europe.

The Ottoman Empire has a long history spaning over 600 years. The Turks were first pushed from their home in Central Asian and relocated to Western Anatolia. Originally the Turks were a nomadic tribe living on the prairie. Osman Gazi ben Ertugrul or Osman I a Ghazi warrior founded what would become the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire acquired their footing during the Crusades, a military campaign stated by the Catholic Church. The fourth Crusade led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire allowing the Ottoman Empire to take over. The Ottomans captured the Byzantine capital of Constantinople now Istanbul and started their conquest for land and power. This was the first Islamic empire to infiltrate Europe and Asia. The Ottoman Empire dominated much of the known world by its organized, well equipped, and efficient army. The military of Ottoman’s possessed would lead to one of the most powerful empires of the time. Their focus included expansion of land, meaning gaining power. The Ottoman’s reached their height in power under the Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent. Suleyman

Globalization is defined by Uwah (2017 p.81) as the process through which social, political, pecuniary and cultural interactions are intensified to international scale. Therefore, the driving force behind globalization is to enable transcendental unification of socio-economic and political ideologies across borders. Further, Kasongo (2010 p.309) looks at a globalization as the dispersion of practices, ties, consciousness and recollection of people’s social lives on worldwide scale. Religion is one of the oldest institutions in the history of humanity. On the other hand, globalization is considered as a revolutionary process which intensified after the Soviet Union collapsed. Globalization of religion traces its start from the times of Alexander the Great and when Buddhism was first conceived by Chandragupta Maurya. In this period, the increasing powers of religion cased significant effects on imperial armies and trade economies. According to Nggong (2014), globalization caused the unification of religions and cultural ways of life; leading to the emergence of civilizations, and evolution of trade routes. These activities marked great historical periods like colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. The current study looks into the impact of globalization on local religious practices and how global movement of people, ideas, finance and technologies impacted the religious practices on the African continent.

The culture of the Ottoman Empire derived over centuries as the leading authority of the Turks involved, altered and adapted the cultures of conquered lands and their people. The customs and languages of Islamic societies, markedly Arabic caused a strong influence, while the Persian culture had a powerful donation through the heavily Persian zed regime of the Seljuq Turks, the Ottomans' antecedent.