Analysis Of Hodgkins Lymphoma Cancer

Lymphocytes are vital to the human body to protect us against disease and initiate an immune response. Each person possesses billions of lymphocytes which collectively provide an individual with the ability to respond to a huge variety of antigens. The wide

The research presented in Jedd D. Wolchok “Cancer’s Off Switch” examines two different forms of immunotherapy used to treat cancer cells by boosting the patient's own immune system defenses. The article provides a comprehensive history of the scientific discoveries and previous research that lead to the immunotherapy treatments, specifically the different levels of the immune system. In addition, the article addresses two different methods of immunotherapy currently in testing in clinical use. The research is educationally significant because it focuses on the body's internal defense system and attempts to disable the brakes cancer cells enforce on the immune system, which has shown progress in both tumor size regression and improvements in

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of lymphoma, which is universal term for tumors that develop in the lymphatic system. It is also called non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin represents for about 90% of all lymphomas, and the remaining 10% are indicating to as Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas have an extensive variety of histological appearances and clinical components, which can make diagnosis hard. Lymphomas are not uncommon, and most doctors, independent of their and expertise, will presumably have gone over a patient with

Although research opinions vary on the cause of lymphomas, it is known that T-cell lymphomas are very rare. Lymphomas are thought to be caused by the damaged genes that control the development of the body’s blood cells ( B and T Cell Lymphomas, n.d.) The B- cells and T-cells play different roles in the body. T-cells can be helper cells, suppressor cells or killer cells (Story, 2012). It is the

The Human Body is an oasis of life. Still, every waking moment of our lives, our bodies endure vicious attacks. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, microbes, toxins, and parasites - I like to think of them as invaders from the outside world. Each invader is equipped with its own specialized method of attack. On a microscopic level, our bodies fight a life-long war. As the battle rages, our immune system kicks in and protects us against the perils of illness. The immune system is not made up of one particular tissue or organ. Instead, an arsenal of defense cells; including lymphocytes, bone marrow, and leukocytes join forces to keep us healthy. Besides the occasional times we get caught in the crossfire with a common cold, a healthy immune system keeps

Cancer is defined as the disease caused by an uncontrollable division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. The particular cancer that I️ researched is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) which is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the lymph system. (Lymphoma) The lymph system is a part of the immune system. Lymph tissue is found all throughout the body; therefore, Lymphoma can begin from almost any part of the body since the major sites of lymph tissue are the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, digestive tract, and adenoids and tonsils. (What) “In most cases, it is not known what causes Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.” (Risk) Some risk factors of NHL are beyond our control such as age and gender but usually they are acquired rather than inherited. (Risk) NHL begins in white blood cells called lymphocytes. (What) There are two main types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes ( B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). B cells normally create antibodies to

What is lymphoma? Many people ask that exact question when pondering lymphoma. Lymphoma is a deadly and life threatening cancer which attacks the lymphatic system. When pondering this idea, people don’t realize the diagnosis and treatment is very in depth and serious. Most people also don’t comprehend that the diagnosis can be complicating because, most of the symptoms that are experienced by adults can mimic common cold and flu symptoms.

The etiology of Hodgkin disease is unknown. Infectious agents, particularly Ebstein Barr virus (EBV), may be involved in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin disease. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have a higher incidence of Hodgkin disease compared with the population without HIV infection.

There are many factors that facilitate in recognizing health-related symptoms. The book mentions, “when attention is directed toward the body, as by stress, neuroticism, or cues that suggest illness, symptoms are more likely to be detected” (Intro to Health Behaviors, pg.158). For example, they had an example about a guy who goes to the emergency room with his whole family for a sore throat. So, the doctors were wondering why this young man will bring his whole family to cure a sore throat. They come to find out that this young mans brother was diagnosed with hodgkins disease and the first symptom his brother had was a sore throat. Afountenly, his brother did not make it because his family decided to ignore the sore throat thinking that it

The topic I decided to do my paper on is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in this paper I will talk about what Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is different kinds of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, treatment, statistics, and the survival rate. I will also talk about the staging system, risk factors, how it can be found early, if it can be prevented, what causes the disease, symptoms and signs of the disease, and how it is diagnosed and treated.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell, which are an important part of the immune system. Lymphocytes can defend the body against infection because they can distinguish the body’s own cells from foreign ones. Once they recognize foreign material in the body, they produce chemicals to destroy that material. Two types of lymphocyte are produced in the bone marrow before birth.

The organs that make up the lymphatic and immune system are the tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), plasma, and platelets (thrombocytes) make up the blood. Lymphocytes are leukocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight off diseases. Two types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. Lymphocytes recognize antigens, or foreign substances/matter, in the body. Lymphocytes are a classification of agranulocytes, or cells (-cytes) without (a-) granules (granul/o) in the cytoplasm. B cells are created from stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow. B cells respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells. These plasma cells then create antibodies. Memory B cells produce a stronger response with the next exposure to the antigen. B cells fight off infection and bacteria while T cells defend against viruses and cancer cells. A hormone created by the thymus gland called thymosin changes lymphocytes into T cells. The thymus gland is active when you are a child and slowly shrinks, as you get older. T cells bind to the antigens on the cells and directly attack them. T cells secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells with antigens. There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells.

Risk factors basically increase an individual probability of forming cancer. Cancer is not cause by risk factors directly; however risk factors usually play a role in the growth of the cancer. There are individuals who have many risk factors, but may not ever come across cancer. Then you have those with no risk factors that form cancer. Regardless, knowing your risk factors can be important in your life and your lifestyle. Talking with a primary care physician can help in making better health choices.

Copstead and Banasik (2012) describe the pathophysiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma as being similar to that of other malignant cancers. All of the tumor cells originate from a single gene mutant precursor cell. It is believed that viruses such as the Epstein-Barr virus and the human T cell leukemia virus, type 1(HTLV) can actually cause some lymphomas like the Burkitt lymphoma and Adult T-cell lymphoma to develop. The authors maintain that Non-Hodgins’s lymphoma are more likely to spread early in comparison with Hodgkin disease. Most of the time these people with Non-Hodgins’s lymphoma are often diagnosed at stage III or stage IV of the disease. Overall, there is a 5-year survival rate for all of the different types of lymphoma (p.229).

Our immune system is the second most complex system in our body. It is made up of organs, cells and proteins that work together to protect our bodies from harmful bacteria, viruses or other microorganisms that can cause diseases. Usually we don’t notice our immune system defending us against pathogens, but if the pathogen (harmful microorganism) is aggressive or if our body hasn’t ever come into contact with it, we can get sick. The jobs of our immune system are to recognise pathogens, as well as neutralise and remove them from our body. Our immune system also has to fight our own cells if they have changed due to an illness, for example, cancer. (1)