Biomechanics Of The Tympanic Membrane

The ear is made up of three areas: the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear is very important for collecting sound waves. It is made up of the pinna and the ear canal. The pinna, the actual physical outward appearance of the ear, receives sound waves and begins to funnel them into the ear canal.

The hearing tests with the tuning fork demonstrated a form of conductive hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss is seen in people with cerumen impaction, middle ear effusions, cholesteatomas and otoslcerosis. However, inspection of the external ear canal and middle ear revealed cleared tympanic membranes. Upon a further audiometric work, up, a carhart notch was noted which is consistent with otoslcerosis.

The middle ear consists of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes. The tensor teympany which is a muscle that attaches to the malleus bone, as well as the stapes which is a muscle which attaches to the stapes bone. These muscles help to keep the bone off of the membrane that they are on to stop damage from loud noise. And lastly there is a Eustachian tube which is the middle ear as well it helps with pressure.

The middle ear has three ossicles (tiny bones) the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup that connect the middle ear to the inner ear. When sound enters your middle ear, it causes the ossicles to vibrate. These vibrations then move into the cochlea, which is filled with fluid. When the vibrations move the fluid that is in the cochlea, it stimulates tiny hair cells that respond to different frequencies of sound. After the tiny hair cells are stimulated, they direct the frequencies of sound into the auditory nerve, as nerve impulses. (ASHA 2013)

“I’m going to put this probe in your ear, and you’re going to feel puffs of air. You don’t have to do anything but sit still. I’m testing how well your eardrum will react to pressure, this is called tympanometry”, she said. Dr. Stacy placed the probe in one ear a time, the puffs went in, and the machine beeped each

We have developed ossicles from our reptilian ancestors jaws (Angier, 2009). These bones found a new purpose, and became attached to the stapes forming the ossicles. The joint which is located within the space between the malleus and incus has been deemed homologous to that of ancestral reptiles. Although a controversial topic, research shows that the Liaoconodon provides evidence that cartilaginous jaw ossified and later became apart of the ossicles making up the inner ear. This cartilage, named Meckel’s cartilage (Well, 2011). The function of the stapes is to transmit the vibrations of sound. The vibrations travel from the environment, into the ear, to the eardrum and then into the inner ear. This series of events, with the assistance of specialized features of the ear allows for animals to detect sounds and additionally maintain balance. The malleus and incus adaptive function and migration from the lower jaw to inner ear is characteristic of mammals (Streit

A conductive loss occurs because of something not working properly in the outer and/or middle ear, inhibiting sound waves from being conducted to the inner ear. This can include, but is not limited to, having issues with the tympanic membrane, with parts or all of the ossicular chain, which includes the mauls, incus, and stapes, or a mixture of both. This type of hearing loss can be caused by excessive ear infections, perforation of the tympanic membrane, having moisture and bacteria from the Eustachian tube fill the middle ear, or from malformation of the pinna, auditory meatus, or the ossicular chain, to name a few. A conductive loss may be fixed by surgery or improved by usage of a bone anchored hearing aid.

Introduction: Robotics and biomechanics have been around since 600 BC. They have impacted people lives significantly in good and bad ways. Hearing aids have been around since 100 A.D and have helped many people be able to hear much clearer for a long period of time. Another fantastic thing that has been invented are cochlear implants that have been around a lot less than hearing aids as they have only been around since October of 1982. I chose to design a new device that replaces an existing human body part as if that part had been lost. I am designing a device similar to a cochlear implant, however it would be a small piece behind your ear so that it can go unnoticed in daily life. I chose this design as I know someone in my life with a hearing problem. They get teased when they mishear something and often say the wrong thing. If a person get a real cochlear implant some of them think that people would look at them differently. Cochlear implants are different to normal hearing aid because the cochlear implant allow people that are deaf the hear.

For this audio presentation, I will be discussing the two parts of the stethoscope that is used for listening sounds, the diaphragm and bell. The diaphragm and bell are found at the opposite end of the stethoscope from the ear tips. The larger circular part is called the diaphragm, while the smaller circular part is called the bell. The process of how the stethoscope is used to listen sounds from the body involves the production of vibration of the flat surface of the diaphragm and bell as the sound wave hits it, then afterwards the sound travels through the rubber tubing in a process called multiple reflection (Layton, 2013). Eventually, the sound wave then reaches the other end of

The middle ear functions at the physiological level to transmit sound from the outer ear to the inner ear. The middle ear consists of an air filled space between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear. The inner ear contains three small bones, the malleus, incus, and the stapes. And tiny ligaments and muscles that support and adjust tension. The sound travels down the ear canal and strikes the tympanic membrane causing it to vibrate. The vibrations are transferred through the osscicles to the cochlea, which is the inner ear. The first bone is the malleus and it is attached to the inside surface of the tympanic membrane, the second bone is the incus, and the innermost bone is the stapes. The sound sets this whole structure into vibration transferring

The middle ear consists of three ossicles: the malleus, incus, and stapes. In addition to these bones, it also contains the Eustachian tube which functions mainly to equalize pressure.3 The inner

The Human's ear can be divided into three anatomic parts: the external, middle and inner ear. The tympanic membrane is part of the middle ear and is commonly known as the eardrum. The tympanic membrane is a really thin layer of tissue that is difficult to permanently damage because of its toughness. On observation, the Tympanic membrane is clear and reflect light. To observe the Tympanic membrane, one need to do a posterior, lateral and upward traction of the ear pinna for adult, but for the pediatric population, you should do a posterior lateral and downward traction of the pinna. The tympanic membrane is composed of: the anterior malleolar fold, the posterior malleolar fold, the pars flacida which is affected by benign diseases like Otitis

A summary of its pathway begins with sound waves entering the ear and vibrating the eardrum. Three tiny bones known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, are connected to the eardrum and convert the vibrations into a fluid filled organ that holds receptors for hearing called the cochlea. The vibrations are then transferred to hair cells, which are attached to neurons whose axons are arranged to form the auditory nerve. This pathway allows us to perceive sound waves to identify pitch through different types of frequencies. For instance, at low and high frequencies the hair cells in our ear vibrate causing a specific pitch. We distinguish pitch through intermediate frequencies by the result of cascaded responses from multiple neurons. To localize the source of sound, we distinguish differences in loudness using both ears, and we locate its distance based on the amount of reoccurring vibration after the main

Our brains process sound including music through sound waves. The sound waves undergo a long process in order to reach the brain. When the sound waves are being transferred they start by going into the outer ear and then transferring through the ear canal. At the end of the ear canal is the eardrum where the sound starts to vibrate and is sent to three different bones. The Malleus, Incus, and Stapes. The bones increase the sound’s vibrations until it is sent off to the cochlea. In the cochlea there is an “elastic partition” or a division of sound, dividing the sound into two parts. This is also known as the Basilar Membrane. The cochlea has a fluid inside and once it starts to ripple then a moving wave builds along the Basilar Membrane. There

The ear is made up of three parts, the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinnae. Its function is to focus sound on the tympanic membrane. The middle ear is where the three ossicles are containes, the Malleus, Incus,