Bladder Cancer Essay

Tis means that the cancer cells are only growing in the most superficial layer of tissue, without growing into deeper tissues. This is also known as in situ cancer or pre-cancer.

Bladder cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the bladder. The bladder is an organ in the lower part of the abdomen that stores urine until it is passed out of the body. The most common type of bladder cancer is transitional cell carcinoma, which begins in urothelial cells that line the inside of the bladder. Urothelial cells are transitional cells, which are capable of changing shape and stretch when the bladder is full. Other types of bladder cancer include squamous cell carcinoma - cancer that begins in thin, flat cells lining the bladder- and adenocarcinoma - cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids- although these types of cancers are not very known they are likely

Bladder cancer affects the Urinary system. Urine is made in the kidneys and flows into the bladder through the ureters. Urine leaves the bladder through the urethra. It typically affects older adults, but can happen at any age. The wall of the bladder has several layers. The innermost layer of the bladder is the urothelium. Most bladder cancers start there. (American Cancer Society

Cystoscopy dated 10/15/2014 showed a mild prostatic hyperplasia. The bladder had a mild to moderate trabeculations.

Being diagnosed with cancer has always been taken as a death sentence by a majority of the population. This can partly be contributed by the fact that most people do not understand clearly what cancer is. The way most reporters and some journalist have reviewed information relating to prostate cancer has been hazardous.

MR and CT scanners both produce images of anatomical structure, but the images they generate look quite different. The striking difference between the two is that, bone structure (cortical) appears bright in CT, so is black in MR. MR images tend to have much higher contrast between grey matters. There are many instances in which it would be desirable to integrate the information obtained from two or more studies of the same patient. Application areas of multimodality matching include radio therapy and nuclear medicine [2].

In Cytology the majority of the samples received are part of the NHS (National Health Service) cervical screening programme. This programme facilitates the screening of cervical smears slides, looking for abnormal cells in a woman’s cervix, that may go on to form cervical cancer. 99.7 % of cervical cancers are caused by a sexually transmitted infection called Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). There are over a hundred different types of the HPV virus and certain ones are counted as more ‘high risk’. 80% of the population will have HPV at some point in their lives and in most cases their immune system will get rid of it within a couple of years. Scientists still don't understand why some women are able to clear the infection, while in others the

While cancer is referred to today as the "Modern plague" and treated through radiation and chemotherapy, thousands of years ago, the Egyptians applied arsenic paste and ate uteruses to combat what the Greeks described as "carcinoma" or a crablike bulge (David and Zimmerman 2010, 728). Although cancer was relatively rare prior to the sixteenth century, there appears to be some archaeological record of tumor masses in the bodies and writings of the Ancient Egyptians and Greeks. In Egypt, the Papyrus Ebers, a compilation of illnesses written by Egyptian physicians in 3000 BC, referred to breast tumors by their similarity in smell to roasted meat and portrayed cancer as a bulge with no treatment, except for ineffective knife lesions and magical incantations (Hajdu 2011, 1097-1099). In Greece, physicians theorized humans were composed of 4 humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and the evil black bile Hippocrates believed manifested itself in the formation of cancer (Hajdu 2011, 1098). While archaeologists and chemists reject the black bile cause of cancer, they both agree that the rarity of cancer in antiquity can be attributed to the low life expectancy and lack of environmental mutagens evident in ancient lifestyles (David and Zimmerman 2010, 728-731). Cancer is the consequence of the body 's inability to control the division of malignant cells, commonly exhibited when cells grow old, damaged, and need to be replaced. As one gets older and is exposed to carcinogens, such as

One of the important application of CT in neurology is the anatomically identifying the location of lesions. Brain lesions can be due to abscesses in the brain, infarction, tumors or Multiple Sclerosis. One of the most important and most difficult step is to determine whether the mass arises from the inside of the brain parenchyma or from the meningeal coverings. A brain lesion which is inside the brain parenchyma is

squamous cell carcinoma of cervix:accounts for the vast majority (80-90%) of cases and is associated with exposure to human papilloma virus (HPV)

Bladder cancer is a type of cancer which take place in the urine lining. it caused by the uncontrolled growth of the abnormal cells in the your bladder. This type of cancer just not stop to bladder but also effect the other organs of the body.

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is a form of MR imaging based upon measuring the random Brownian motion of water molecules within a voxel of tissue. The relationship between histology and diffusion is complex, however generally densely cellular tissues or those with cellular swelling exhibit lower diffusion coefficients, and thus diffusion is particularly useful in tumour characterisation and cerebral ischaemia.(11)

Sensitivity and specificity of MRI has been reported to vary from 70% -100% and 17-89%

The aim of this report is to use these test results for a proper diagnoses.

Schistosomes are water-borne cestodes or blood flukes that use the human skin as their port of entry. The symptoms of schistosomiasis can vary from having a fever, joint pains, bloody diarrhea, ascites, abdominal pain, and hematuria. In the long run, patients can develop an abnormally enlarged spleen and liver accompanied with enlarged lymph nodes. The current increase in the prevalence of schistosomiasis has been attributed to causes such as increase irrigation schemes.