CY-Harm Identifies Children at Risk to Harm Others

Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) form a cluster of childhood disorders considered to be “disruptive behavior disorders” (American Psychiatric Association, 2004). Although most violent adolescents have more than one mental disorder and they may have internalizing disorders, for example depression or substance abuse, there appear to be increasingly higher rates of physical aggression found in these adolescents who experience disruptive behavior disorders than for those with other mental disorders. The fact that violent juvenile offenders are more likely to have these diagnoses is not surprising, because impulsive and/or aggressive behaviors are part of their diagnostic criteria. Additionally, there is relatively high co-morbidity with substance abuse disorders, which are also associated with juvenile violence (Moeller, 2001). Individuals with conduct disorder have the following features but this list is not inclusive for example they may have little empathy and little concern for the feelings, wishes, and wellbeing of others, respond with aggression, may be callous and lack appropriate feelings of guilt re remorse, self-esteem may be low despite a projected

Aggressions can be broadly divided in to two types: Reactive/ Impulsive aggression (RA) refers to aggression that is impulsive, emotionally charged, affective and uncontrolled. It has its theoretical roots in the frustration-tolerance theory. It is most often observed in response to a perceived threatening stimulus and is frequently accompanied by negative affect, facial expressions described as hostile, temper tantrums,

Data that was collected from the studies above are unimaginable. There is a high correlation between abuse and delinquent behavior. Many factors play into reasons why a child may be abused. Some of the factors that play into abuse are as follows: parent or caregiver factors, family factors, child factors, and environmental factors. Examples of parent or caregiver factors are: age, substance abuse, psychological well-being, and history of abuse. Family factors could include a child living in a single parent household. This type of situation may

Today, homicide is the second leading cause of death for people between the ages of 10 and 24; when discussing youth violence the range is extended beyond 18 and in to the mid twenties (CDC). In addition to murder, non-fatal injuries are another large part of the picture of youth violence. In 2007, 668,000 young people between the ages of 10 and 14 were treated for violence related injuries at hospital emergency rooms (CDC). In 2007, a large representative sample of the country’s high school students were surveyed; 35.5% of students surveyed answered ‘yes’ when asked if “they had been in a physical fight in the previous twelve months”, and 4.2% of students surveyed answered ‘yes’ when asked if they had been “in a physical fight one or more times in the previous twelve months that resulted in injuries that had to be treated by a doctor or nurse (CDC). As this survey was conducted with a representative sample, it helps to give one a good picture of the aggregate youth violence problem in the United States of America.

Four years now researcher in the fields of psychology sociology, genetics, and the juvenile justice system have contemplated the reason why some youth turn to delinquency and violence. To investigate the reasons, for some adolescents you would have to research on a case to case basis could fall into one category of multiple categories stemming, why they act the way they do and what cause these reactions. Some researchers may want to find reasons that is caused in the genetic line, it is the youth’s social atmosphere concerning in the youth has the right friends or any friends at all, or they could even to lead to arguments in the environment in which the child is raised.

One of the main, big key factors is bullying. Bullying has been known to cause teenagers and young children to go down the wrong pathways, leading to aggression, mental health related problems, ie. Anxiety and Depression. This can carry on into their late 20’s (Bruce Bover), social withdrawal and other changes in habits. Teens who are bullied who end up becoming faced with aggression is due to the gradual build in sensitivity over time. The heavy burden that is weighted on teens who are bullied, commonly end up facing mental health problems which lead to stress, Anxiety and Depression. Depression showing links to aggression as it can cause irritability and sensitivity to violence (Bullying worse for…) in some teens. This can lead to breakouts in fights. Teens who have also been faced with bullying tend to fall into a social withdrawal. Social withdrawals are apart of Anxiety which again, can be caused by bullying. Social withdrawal includes pulling back from partaking in socializing and engaging in any kind of enjoyable activity, this is caused by an upheave or loss of the genetic expression of the dopamine pathway (Choi, Charles Q). When corrupted/tampered, the persona is no longer able to feel any joyus feeling or any form of emotion associated with joy, pleasure and happiness. This can lead to substance abuse, because teens cannot find pleasure in what was once considered joyus

According to the World Health Organization, around 43% of all homicides in the world occur amongst children ages ten to twenty-four every year. In the United States alone, an average of twelve people between the ages of ten to twenty-four are killed each day according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Youth violence is a term that is defined by the CDC as “a significant public health problem that affects thousands of young people each day, and in turn, their families, schools, and communities”. Violence among youth can be a result of drug use, familial issues, or anti-sociality. Although the trend for youth violence is currently declining, youth violence is still a major issue among communities as children exposed to violence can have physical and/or psychological problems later on in life.

According to research antisocial disorder causes violent acts in children of a young age. Review of literature indicates that antisocial personality disorder is a mental condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others. This behavior is often criminal (Berger, 2014). It has been said that people who have experiences a traumatic event in their life many develop antisocial personality disorder, which can also cause them to be very violent (Black, 2013). Researchers say they don’t know for sure what causes this disorder. Many state that how the person interacted in their early years around family and friends can be a major factor to this disorder (Gorhol, 2014). The environment they grew up in such as substance abuse, child abuse, or neglect has been said to be linked with antisocial personality disorder (Black, 2013).

Community Risk Factors - Social isolation, peer pressure, gang involvement, residence in an under-resourced community

385). Furthermore, my subject was displaying physical aggression because he was harming other children by means of physical injury like, pushing and hitting, in order to get what he wanted (Berk, 2012). Although my subject was not meaning to intentionally hurt other children, his aggressive acts made him not well liked by the other children; thus, he failed at that time to form friendships.

Conduct Disorder is a severe mental health problem for several reasons. First, it involves aggression, criminal behavior, and it is associated with social, emotional, and academic problems. For example, CD often leads a child to be rejected by his or her peers and to be suspended or expelled from school (Frick, 2016). Children and adolescence with CD have problems with mental health, drug and alcohol abuse, health concerns, legal problems, attaining education, and social issues in adolescence and adulthood. Given the seriousness of CD, a significant amount of research has been put forth to shed light on the causes of CD. This research has discovered numerous factors that can place a child at risk for CD. These risk factors include neurochemical and autonomic irregularities, neurocognitive deficits, processing of social information, temperamental and personality predispositions. Additional, risk factors include prenatal exposure to toxins, ineffective discipline, association with deviant peers, and exposure to violence(Justin et al. 2013).

Family level risk factors are parental rejection and neglect. Inconsistent child-rearing practices or punitive discipline can also play a part. Physical and sexual abuse may cause the onset of conduct disorder. Lack of supervision, multiple changes in caregivers, and institutional learning also may lead to the development of conduct disorder. Large family sizes as well as parental crime records are high risk factors for conduct disorder. Conduct disorder can develop due to family psychopathology, for example substance-related disorders. The community can play a part in the development of conduct disorder too and includes peer rejection or a delinquent peer group. Conduct disorder can develop by neighborhood exposure to violence too. Community and family risk factors affect individuals who have the childhood-onset type of conduct

Statistics indicate many aggressors at some point or another have witnessed acts of violence. During childhood, these observed behaviors can have a major impact and influence on adolescent and adult attitudes, perception of self and others. "Children become more susceptible and prone to negative and dangerous behaviors which can

Some may not think they are causing harm and bringing pain to the victim they are bullying. Many think that bullying is just consisted of physical violence, but verbal and mental bullying was 52% higher than physical violence (Varjas,2009). Kids learn from what they see and from what they are influenced by when they grow up. Kids are like sponges, the absorb whatever they hear or see. After having all the outside world influence them, they will get confused about what’s wrong or right. without the right guidance and direction from a parent/ guardian they will never learn that some actions they are taking may lead them down a wrong path.

There are many reasons why juveniles become delinquent. Stress is a huge factor when dealing with juveniles. The Strain Theory suggests that strain/stress and negativity may directly and/or indirectly lead to delinquency. Stain/stress lead to negative emotions which can fuel delinquency including violence, vandalism, truancy, illegal drug use, and theft. According to Sickmund & Snyder, males tend to be more aggressive and involved in violent crimes than females. A 2003 survey suggests that 33 percent of high school students have admitted to being involved in one or more physical altercations within the past 12 months. Of the 33 percent of students, males were substantially more likely to fight than females, and more likely to commit a violent act (Sickmund & Snyder, 2006).