INTRODUCTION:
Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, -COOH. This acid acts as a weak acid, which can react with a strong base. Carboxylic acids form hydrogen bonds with many water molecules and are more soluble with one to four carbon atoms. Also, it may have an R group that consist of hydrogen or an alkyl group that changes its water solubility. Carboxylic acids with low molecular weight have odor at room temperature and higher molecular weight are solid and have low vapor pressure which have less molecules that allow us to smell it (Staudt 80).
When H in the carboxyl group is replaced with an alkyl group, it becomes an ester group. “The reaction typically gives 60-70% of the
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After the melted ester layer was recorded. The test tube was cool in an ice-water bath to room temperature and the odor was detected and recorded. Then, 6M HCl was added to the solution, but only 1 mL was added at a time until the solution turned acidic. The pH was tested each time. 3 times of 1mL 6M HCl was added for the solution to become acidic, which is a total of 3mL of 6M HCl. The solution and odor was examined.
DATA:
Carboxylic acids and their salts:
Characteristics of Acetic Acid Property | Water Solution | NaOH Solution | HCl Solution | Odor | Vinegar | Very light vinegar | Vinegar but not as intense as original | Solubility | Perfectly clear liquid solution | clear | clear | pH | 2 | 10 | 6 drops to get to pH of 5 |
Characteristics of Benzoic Acid Property | Water Solution | NaOH Solution | HCl Solution | Odor | Slight odor but not distinguishable | No odor | Slight odor but not distinguishable | Solubility | Not soluble | Soluble | soluble | pH | 3 | 10 | 13 drops to get to pH of 6 |
Esterification:
Test Tube | Acid | Odor | Alcohol | Odor | Name of Ester | Odor | 1 | Formic | Cannot distinguish the smell, but has strong vapor, burns the nose. | Isobutyl | Rub alcohol | Isopropyl formate | Raspberry | 2 | Acetic | Vinegar | Benzyl | No distinct odor | Benzyl acetate | Peach | 3 | Acetic | Vinegar | Isopentyl | Nail polish remover | Isopentyl acetate | Banana | 4 | Acetic | Vinegar | Ethyl | Rub Alcohol |
When the pH is not at its optimum, the differing pH's will disrupt the bonding between the R groups of the amino acid causing its structure and the shape of the activation site to change
Atoms are the basic units of matter and all life is based on them. Life on earth is based on the element carbon. It is a highly versatile atom able to form four covalent bonds with itself or other atoms such as hydrogen and water. Atoms combine to form molecules and those that are carbon based are referred to as organic molecules. Organic molecules occur in four different types in living cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are also known as hydrocarbons due to the presence of both hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. They are important sources of energy and are classified in three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Vinegar is a common household product, when mixed with the indicator, phenolphthalein, it turns pink. This indicates that Vinegar is acidic.
The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in
4- chlorobenzoic acid which was the aqueous layer has a theoretical melting point of 240-243°C, the organic layer, 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol has a theoretical melting point of 68-71°C. During our experiment we were unable to collect any data for the organic
11) Dry out the methylene chloride solution that contain the benzoin and the dibromobenzene by the use of anhydrous sodium sulfate.
In this experiment, an unknown Grignard reagent was prepared from an aryl halide. The unknown reagent was then reacted with carbon dioxide to form a carboxylic acid. The solid acid was then isolated and recrystallized before the melting point was taken. The precipitate was then dissolved in water and titrated to determine the molecular weight. The melting point and molecular weight were then used to determine the unknown acid obtained from the experiment.
The number of electrons forming a charge cloud around the nucleus is (pick one of the following) greater than; equal to; smaller than the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.
Paragraph 1 - How the Law of Conservation of Matter is supported by the experimental demonstrations: In the law of conservation particles and materials are neither created nor destroyed . It was similar towards the experimental demonstrations because nothing changed or destroyed in the processes .Kinetic and potential energy was used in the experiments.
A1.Work under the hood! With a pair of tongs, hold a strip of magnesium in a bunsen burner flame. Do not look directly at the flame. Save the ash in a small beaker for the next procedure. If magnesium is substance "A" in the general equation, what is "B"?
groups. It was conducted to further the research in choice overload and paralysis of the mind.
Table 1 Concentration of protein, DNA, and ratio of the two in heart, kidney and liver of bos taurus. Average standard deviation of protein concentration is also shown.
Experiment 3 - Chromatography – Analyzing Analgesics by TLC and Isolation of β–Carotene by Column Chromatography
Dispense .5 mL water into the already weighed conical vial, replace cap and face insert on its down side.
Organic compounds are, by definition, any chemical compound containing carbon. These compounds include carbohydrates, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each one of these compounds has a different purpose. Carbohydrates give energy to cells when consumed. Lipids are basically the fats of a cell. Proteins are the building blocks of muscle in a cell. Nucleic acids are used to transfer genetic information from one cell to the other.