Causes Of Biofilm Formation

Often scientists work with bacteria that do not come in a labeled test tube— for example, bacterial samples taken from infected human tissue or from the soil—and the scientist must then identify the unknown microorganism in order to understand what behavior to expect from the organism, for example, a certain type of infection or antibiotic resistance. However, because of the relatively few forms of bacteria compared to animals and because of the lack of bacterial fossil records due to their asexually reproductive nature, the taxonomy used to classify animals cannot be applied to bacteria (Brown 275). In order to classify unknown bacteria, a variety of physiological and metabolic tests are available to narrow a sample down from the fathomless number of possibilities into a more manageable range. Once these tests have been performed, the researcher can consult Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, a systematically arranged and continually updated collection of all known bacteria based on their structure, metabolism, and other attributes.

Biofilms play a crucial role in the persistence of lung infections in CF patients due to the protective extracellular matrix that is formed by the bacterial community (5). This barrier limits the penetration of antibiotics and results in varying nutrient gradients, allowing for a diverse range of bacteria (5). Bacteria inside this biofilm are able to sense the presence of other cells, and alter their properties accordingly to suit the environment. This is particularly interesting as the bacterial communities within a biofilm may compete with each other for dominance in the biofilm (6). Therefore, bacterial competition may impact the treatment and actions needed to treat biofilms in the lungs of CF patients

Microorganisms that are cultured from the wounds have two types that exist. Type 1 necrotizing fasciitis is a polymicrobial infection which consist of infection with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Which consists of clostridium and bacteroides species, these work synergistically in the progression of necrotizing fasciitis. Type 2 necrotizing fasciitis consists of group A streptococcus and with or without a coexisting staphylococcal infection. The Type 2 also consists of staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens, bacteroides fragilis, and aeromonas hydrophila. The microscopic level would include the laboratory of necrotizing fasciitis the bacteria that is seen with a microscope. “The micrograph of necrotizing fasciitis shows necrosis of the dense connective tissues and fascia interposed between fat lobules”. The gross anatomy is the structures visible to the naked eye, such as the

Bacteria that can tolerate the high concentration of salt in the media are from the Staphylococcus genus. A sample of unknown A was also used to stab a gelatin test tube, which contains the gelatinase enzyme that breaks down the gelatin and changes the media from solid to liquid. A sample of the same unknown along with a sample of unknown B was then used to stab a citrate test tube each. The citrate test is used to determine whether the bacteria utilizes citrate as a carbon source. If the bacteria used the citrate, the color of the media turns green, but if the citrate was not used, the media remains blue. The color change in the media is due to the presence of the pH indicator bromothymol blue. Afterwards, a sample of both unknown B and unknown C were used to make single line inoculations on both an Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and a Salmonella Shigella (SS) plate. Each plate was divided by a a line in half so that unknown B was inoculated on one side and unknown C was inoculated on the opposite side. The EMB plate contains lactose and dyes eosin and methylene blue. The media is used to differentiate between lactose and non-lactose fermenters. The SS plate also contains lactose in addition to bile salts and brilliant green (dye) to select for species of Salmonella & Shigella. The media also contains some

It is very difficult to treat bacterial biofilm infection. Antibiotic treatment by itself is not enough to destroy biofilm infections adequately. Overall, the approaches to combat biofilms can be categorized into two groups depending if the infection involves a foreign body or not. If the biofilm infection does not involving a foreign body (such as indwelling implants), continuing treatment using high doses of combination of several antibiotics with different mode of action toward the bacteria is used to combat the infection. On the other hand, if a foreign body is involved in the biofilm infection, extraction of the implant is needed for positive result. In some cases, only physical reduction of the biofilm is possible (using mechanical methods)

In the current paper, the investigators explored the formation of large biofilm-like clusters (agglomerates) of bacteria in synovial fluids (SF) of patients. Their primary goal was to elucidate the molecular basis for agglomeration by determining whether the extreme phenotype reflects altered expression of distinct bacterial factors.

Merlin-Manton et al. (2015) explored a new foam adhesive dressing, UrgoTul Absorb Border (Urgo Medical), which is effective in promoting fast wound healing (Merlin-Manton et al., 2015). The researchers claims that what differentiates UrgoTul Absorb Border from other foam dressings is that it allows for there to be an interaction between the technology lipido-colloid (TLC) and wound bed. This new wound dressing increases fibroblast proliferation by 45% and provides a pain-free dressing change, easy to apply, comfortable, and the dressing remains in place (Merlin-Manton et al., 2009). This observational study consisted of an independent variable, which is the parameters, and a dependent variable, which is the rating of the performance. This research consisted of a sample size of this study was initially 25 patient’s, however, it drop down to 23. This sample was selected from acute hospital wards, outpatient departments, wound care clinics, and the patients own home. Prior to being selected the patient’s wound were assessed by a viability nurse to assess if the selection criteria, wound location, and wound aetiology. The data was collected over a 6-month period and all of the participants received at least 6 wound dressings during a 5-week period. The dressing performance and patients parameters were measured using a interval type of data set

Bacterial urinary tract infections represent the most common type of nosocomial infections. Often, the ability of bacteria to both establish and maintain these infections are directly related to biofilm formation on indwelling devices or within the urinary tract itself (30). Enterococci (especially E. faecalis) are one of the main causative agents of urinary tract infection and Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) besides gram-negative pathogens (31, 32). In these infections Biofilm provides a favorable milieu for microbial survival within the host as the organisms are shielded from the host immune response, as well as antibiotics and antimicrobial agents (33, 34). Several studies conducted to introduce main virulence genes of enterococci that are associated with biofilm formation in these bacteria (11, 13,-17), but virulence mechanism and related genes for biofilm formation are not well understood (35). In this study we investigated biofilm formation of clinical enterococci isolates isolated from Urinary tract infections. These strains were characterized for presence of adhesions and secretory virulence factors. Isolates had diverse presence of virulence from lack to highest amount of virulence genes. Several previous studies investigated relation of virulence genes and biofilm formation, especially presence of esp and gel. Enterococci esp has been implicated as a contributing factor in colonization and persistence of infection within the urinary tract

In the gastrointestinal tract, these reactions lead to swelling and irritation of the intestinal lining, which causes the cramping and diarrhea typical of food allergy. Allergens that enter the circulation may cause hives, angioedema, anaphylaxis, or atopic dermatitis. Allergens on the skin usually cause delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Roving T cells contact the allergen, setting in motion a more prolonged immune response. This type of allergic response may develop over several days following contact with the allergen, and symptoms may persist for a week or

The formation of biofilms is not random but can be predicted by the process above. The biofilms become attached to surfaces because of gravity, or bacteria that have a negative charge. The bacteria senses and goes to the highest concentration of nutrients.

In the experiment we conducted there were many method in which we could have used to help us manipulate and identify bacterium on different agar plates. First part of the experiment involved the manipulation of the bacterial growth where we used different streaking methods to see which method was best suited to give me colonies. We have used 2 types of bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Yakult (Lactobacillus casei). E. coli is a bacteria that is rod shaped, Gram negative and is a genus of enterobacteriacae, the rate of its growth varies on if the right conditions are met which include the right PH, temperature, energy source and nutrient. Yakult consists of probiotic bacteria which is good bacteria that is beneficial to our digestive system and in each bottle of

According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), the decreasing occurrence of infections in Western nations and more recently in developing nations is at the heart of the decreasing incidence of both autoimmune and allergic diseases. The hygiene hypothesis is at both based upon epidemiological data, particularly migration studies. Display that test subjects migrating from a low-incidence for autoimmune and allergic disease to a high-incidence nation acquire the immune disorders with a high incidence.

Bacteria vary greatly in terms of their characteristics and morphology. Colonies can be classified according to their colour, form, elevation, margin and size. Pure cultures of microorganisms

An ideal restorative material should have a property of adhesion to tooth structure and an ability to withstand the occlusal forces. However, some therapeutic and caries preventing efficacy might be desirable. Glass ionomer cement has been shown to produce some degree of antibacterial effect due to release of fluoride [3]. Several studies have been done to increase the antimicrobial effect of GIC without compromising the physical properties of the restoration. Takahashi Y [4] in 2006 and Tuzuner T [1] in 2011 advocated that the incorporation of chlorhexidine into GICs has resulted in an excellent antibacterial effect in vitro. Frencken JE [5,6] observed that microorganisms counts in both affected and infected dentine were significantly

Every wound poses a risk for infection and since chronic wounds have a delayed wound healing response already, the risk for bacterial growth is much higher in these wounds. If microorganisms continue to multiple, and proliferate within the wound bed, critical colonization and infection can occur (3). Therefore, it is important for clinicians to be able recognize and distinguish between critical colonization and deep surrounding infection to guide them with an appropriate treatment plan.